Table 3.
Association between the Type of Antibiotics Prescribed and Risk of Several Common Childhood Health Conditions.
| Condition | Class | Females HR (95% CI) | P-value | Males HR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma | Penicillins | 1.50 (1.21–1.87) | <.001 | 1.35 (1.12–1.62) | .001 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.39 (1.13–1.71) | .002 | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | .004 | |
| Sulfonamides | 1.27 (0.93–1.74) | .130 | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | .602 | |
| Macrolides | 1.33 (1.08–1.62) | .006 | 1.34 (1.14–1.58) | .001 | |
| Allergic rhinitis | Penicillins | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | .247 | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | .148 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.83 (1.46–2.30) | <.001 | 1.29 (1.07–1.55) | .008 | |
| Sulfonamides | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) | .405 | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | .557 | |
| Macrolides | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | .359 | 1.39 (1.16–1.66) | <.001 | |
| Food allergy | Penicillins | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) | .181 | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | .774 |
| Cephalosporins | 2.73 (1.74–4.28) | <.001 | 1.96 (1.39–2.76) | <.001 | |
| Sulfonamides | 1.27 (0.65–2.49) | .490 | 0.67 (0.31–1.43) | .299 | |
| Macrolides | 1.00 (0.62–1.59) | .985 | 0.99 (0.69–1.41) | .944 | |
| Atopic dermatitis | Penicillins | 1.27 (0.87–1.87) | .220 | 1.40 (0.96–2.03) | .079 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.69 (1.14–2.52) | .010 | 1.29 (0.90–1.84) | .166 | |
| Sulfonamides | 0.98 (0.49–1.96) | .953 | 1.37 (0.75–2.51) | .301 | |
| Macrolides | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | .021 | 0.83 (0.57–1.19) | .304 | |
| Celiac disease | Penicillins | 6.74 (1.56–29.23) | .011 | 1.61 (0.51–5.12) | .417 |
| Cephalosporins | 0.49 (0.16–1.50) | .213 | 1.53 (0.59–3.95) | .383 | |
| Sulfonamides | 0.57 (0.07–4.28) | .582 | 1.42 (0.32–6.34) | .648 | |
| Macrolides | 1.26 (0.53–3.03) | .600 | 1.08 (0.42–2.79) | .869 | |
| Overweight | Penicillins | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | .021 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | .007 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | .057 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | .027 | |
| Sulphonamides | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | .232 | 1.20 (1.01–1.41) | .033 | |
| Macrolides | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | .002 | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) | .027 | |
| Obesity | Penicillins | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | .497 | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) | .023 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | .029 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | .217 | |
| Sulfonamides | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | .221 | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | .338 | |
| Macrolides | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | .263 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | .022 | |
| ADHD | Penicillins | 1.50 (1.14–1.96) | .003 | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | .382 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | .175 | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | .053 | |
| Sulfonamides | 0.65 (0.38–1.10) | .110 | 1.19 (0.89–1.58) | .233 | |
| Macrolides | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | .846 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | .283 | |
| Autism | Penicillins | 0.39 (0.16–0.95) | .038 | 0.96 (0.62–1.47) | .836 |
| Cephalosporins | 2.77 (1.09–7.02) | .032 | 1.89 (1.25–2.84) | .002 | |
| Sulfonamides | 1.08 (0.24–4.81) | .915 | 1.13 (0.54–2.35) | .752 | |
| Macrolides | 1.21 (0.47–3.14) | .695 | 0.83 (0.55–1.28) | .406 | |
| Learning disability | Penicillins | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | .279 | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | .562 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.36 (0.99–1.85) | .056 | 1.48 (1.21–1.80) | <.001 | |
| Sulfonamides | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | .874 | 1.03 (0.71–1.51) | .866 | |
| Macrolides | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | .666 | 0.79 (0.65–0.98) | .028 | |