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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2020 Aug 19;116(4):819–830. doi: 10.1111/add.15189

Figure 1. Dual-Trajectories of Opioid and Gabapentinoid Utilization Patterns among Medicare Beneficiaries.

Figure 1.

Abbreviations: GABA, gabapentinoid; MME, morphine milligram equivalent; OPI, opioid; SDD, standardized daily dose

We calculated SDDs for OPIs using morphine milligram equivalent (MME) and for GABAs using 300 mg for gabapentin and 150 mg for pregabalin). Low-, moderate-, and high-dose opioid use was defined as an average daily dosage of <50 MME, 50–90 MME, and >90 MME, respectively. For GABA use, an average daily SDD <2 (i.e., gabapentin <600 mg or pregabalin <300 mg), 2–3 (i.e., 600≤ gabapentin <900 mg or 300≤ pregabalin <450 mg), and >3 (i.e., gabapentin ≥900 mg or pregabalin ≥450 mg) were considered as low-, moderate-, and high-dose use, respectively.