Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with IPIs among primary schoolchildren in Debre Berhan town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2017 (N=645)
| Variables | Category | Intestinal Parasite | OR (95% C.I) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Crude | Adjusted | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Age (years) | 6–9 | 127 | 77 | 1.34 (0.90, 1.98) | 3.10 (1.31, 7.31)* |
| 10–12 | 98 | 133 | 0.60 (0.41, 0.87)* | 0.65 (0.28, 1.49) | |
| 13–15 | 116 | 94 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sex of child | Boys | 168 | 140 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) | – |
| Girls | 173 | 164 | 1 | ||
| Birth order | Non- First | 244 | 189 | 1.53 (1.10, 2.13)* | 0.82 (0.39, 1.69) |
| First | 97 | 115 | 1 | 1 | |
| Living with birth parents | No | 49 | 37 | 1.21 (0.77, 1.91) | – |
| Yes | 292 | 267 | 1 | ||
| Family size | ≥ 6 | 237 | 73 | 7.21 (5.08, 10.23)* | 6.84 (3.31,14.12)** |
| 2–5 | 104 | 231 | 1 | 1 | |
| Father education | Illiterate | 119 | 63 | 7.80 (4.51, 13.50)* | 3.85 (1.40,10.60)** |
| Primary education | 132 | 52 | 10.49 (6.01,18.30)* | 2.47 (0.78, 7.75) | |
| Junior education | 36 | 45 | 3.30 (1.76, 6.22)* | 2.54 (0.76, 8.49) | |
| Secondary education | 31 | 49 | 2.61 (1.38, 4.96)* | 2.28 (0.70, 7.41) | |
| Diploma and above | 23 | 95 | 1 | 1 | |
| Mother education | Illiterate | 158 | 54 | 24.19 (13.03,44.90)* | 5.81 (1.99,16.92)** |
| Primary education | 68 | 48 | 11.71 (6.11, 22.45)* | 4.56 (1.52,13.66)** | |
| Junior education | 69 | 39 | 14.63 (7.53, 28.42)* | 3.03 (0.90, 10.18) | |
| Secondary education | 31 | 39 | 6.57 (3.22, 13.42)* | 2.86 (0.84, 9.65) | |
| Diploma and above | 15 | 124 | 1 | 1 | |
| Father occupation | Urban farming | 86 | 16 | 10.66 (5.77, 19.72)* | 8.16 (2.55,26.12)** |
| Manual worker | 110 | 61 | 3.58 (2.31, 5.54)* | 3.27 (1.28, 8.37)* | |
| Trader/petit-trade | 83 | 104 | 1.58 (1.04, 2.41)* | 2.10 (0.88, 5.03) | |
| Employed | 62 | 123 | 1 | 1 | |
| Family IPs infection history | Yes | 144 | 125 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | – |
| No | 197 | 179 | 1 | ||
| Hygiene and environmental sanitation factors | |||||
| Hand wash before eating | Not always | 240 | 114 | 3.96 (2.85, 5.50)* | 8.23 (3.94,17.15)** |
| Always | 101 | 190 | 1 | 1 | |
| Hand wash after defecation | Not always | 227 | 178 | 1.41 (1.02, 1.94)* | 0.92 (0.44, 1.93) |
| Always | 114 | 126 | 1 | 1 | |
| Finger cleanness | Not clean | 228 | 85 | 5.20 (3.71, 7.28)* | 2.66 (1.30, 5.46)** |
| Clean | 113 | 219 | 1 | 1 | |
| Source of water | Stream | 33 | 5 | 7.50 (2.88, 19.53)* | 2.64 (0.37, 18.68) |
| Public tap | 80 | 40 | 2.27 (1.49, 3.46) | 1.49 (0.57, 3.90) | |
| Piped water | 228 | 259 | 1 | 1 | |
| Type of latrine | PLWOS | 75 | 17 | 7.39 (4.21, 12.99)* | 5.43 (1.47, 20.09)* |
| PLWS-shared | 115 | 34 | 5.67 (3.68, 8.73)* | 2.79 (1.18, 6.60)* | |
| PLWS-private | 151 | 253 | 1 | 1 | |
| ODS near residence | Yes | 229 | 85 | 5.27 (3.76, 7.38)* | 3.58 (1.77, 7.25)** |
| No | 112 | 219 | 1 | 1 | |
| Soap use for hand wash | Not regular | 286 | 264 | 0.79 (0.51, 1.22) | – |
| Regular | 55 | 40 | 1 | ||
| Disposal of waste in home yard | Yes | 210 | 177 | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | – |
| No | 131 | 127 | 1 | ||
| Presence of pets in home | Yes | 235 | 204 | 1.09 (0.78, 1.51) | – |
| No | 106 | 100 | 1 | ||
| Habit and culture-related factors | |||||
| Habit of playing with waste water | Yes | 218 | 88 | 4.35 (3.12, 6.06)* | 7.99 (3.60,17.71)** |
| No | 123 | 216 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of playing with soil | Yes | 247 | 90 | 6.25 (4.44, 8.80)* | 6.25 (2.75,14.16)** |
| No | 94 | 214 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of eating while playing | Yes | 257 | 125 | 4.38 (3.13, 6.13)* | 2.80 (1.23, 6.38)* |
| No | 84 | 179 | 1 | 1 | |
| Cultural response to dropped food | Cleaning and eating | 117 | 26 | 8.72 (5.03, 15.10)* | 11.42 (3.82,34.11)** |
| Kiss and replace | 176 | 185 | 1.84 (1.23, 2.76)* | 4.08 (1.71, 9.74)** | |
| Leaving it there | 48 | 93 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of sucking fingers/pen-caps | Yes | 198 | 90 | 3.29 (2.37, 4.57)* | 4.05 (1.92, 8.55)** |
| No | 143 | 214 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of eating on the way to school | Yes | 315 | 204 | 5.94 (3.73, 9.47)* | 2.39 (0.88, 6.45) |
| No | 26 | 100 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of using grass as toothpick | Yes | 207 | 167 | 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) | – |
| No | 134 | 137 | 1 | ||
| Habit of playing barefoot | Yes | 78 | 58 | 1.26 (0.86, 1.84) | – |
| No | 263 | 246 | 1 | ||
| Eating raw vegetables | Rarely | 141 | 122 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | – |
| Not at all | 200 | 182 | 1 | ||
| Eating raw meat | Yes | 91 | 92 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | – |
| No | 250 | 212 | 1 | ||
| Shoes wearing habit | Not regular | 20 | 13 | 1.40 (0.68, 2.85) | – |
| Regular | 321 | 291 | 1 | ||
Note: *= significant at p-value < 0.05, **= significant at p-value < 0.01, PLWOS Pit-latrine without slab, PLWS Pit-latrine with slab, ODS Open defecation site, OR Odds ratio