Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with Ascaris infection among primary schoolchildren in Debre Berhan town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2017 (N=645)
| Variables | Category | A. lumbricoides | OR (95% C.I) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Crude | Adjusted | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | |||||
| Age (years) | 6–9 | 58 | 146 | 1.64 (1.04, 2.59)* | 2.61 (1.45, 4.70)** |
| 10–12 | 47 | 184 | 1.05 (0.66, 1.68) | 1.55 (0.87, 2.77) | |
| 13–15 | 41 | 169 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sex of child | Boys | 74 | 234 | 1.16 (0.81, 1.68) | – |
| Girls | 72 | 265 | 1 | ||
| Birth order | Non- First | 103 | 330 | 1.23 (0.82, 1.83) | – |
| First | 43 | 169 | 1 | ||
| Living with birth parents | No | 22 | 64 | 1.21 (0.71, 2.04) | – |
| Yes | 124 | 435 | 1 | ||
| Family size | ≥ 6 | 99 | 211 | 2.88 (1.95, 4.25)** | 1.24 (0.76, 2.01) |
| 2–5 | 47 | 288 | 1 | 1 | |
| Father education | Illiterate | 58 | 124 | 4.55 (2.27, 9.11)** | 1.55 (0.65, 3.69) |
| Primary education | 53 | 131 | 3.94 (1.96, 7.91)** | 0.98 (0.39, 2.45) | |
| Junior education | 12 | 69 | 1.69 (0.71, 4.05) | 0.78 (0.27, 2.26) | |
| Secondary education | 12 | 68 | 1.72 (0.72, 4.11) | 1.33 (0.48, 3.71) | |
| Diploma and above | 11 | 107 | 1 | 1 | |
| Mother education | Illiterate | 71 | 141 | 8.25 (3.82, 17.79)** | 2.95 (1.15, 7.58)* |
| Primary education | 30 | 86 | 5.71 (2.50, 13.05)** | 2.66 (1.00, 7.08) | |
| Junior education | 28 | 80 | 5.73 (2.49, 13.19)** | 2.02 (0.72, 5.71) | |
| Secondary education | 9 | 61 | 2.42 (0.89, 6.57) | 1.40 (0.44, 4.44) | |
| Diploma and above | 8 | 131 | 1 | 1 | |
| Father occupation | Urban farming | 41 | 61 | 4.30 (2.41, 7.67)** | 2.20 (1.10, 4.42)* |
| Manual worker | 44 | 127 | 2.22 (1.29, 3.82)** | 0.93 (0.48, 1.80) | |
| Trader/petit-trade | 36 | 151 | 1.53 (0.88, 2.66) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.46) | |
| Employed | 25 | 160 | 1 | 1 | |
| Family IPs infection history | Yes | 65 | 204 | 1.16 (0.80, 1.68) | – |
| No | 81 | 295 | 1 | ||
| Hygiene and environmental sanitation factors | |||||
| Hand wash before eating | Not always | 101 | 253 | 2.18 (1.47, 3.23)** | 2.05 (1.24, 3.39)** |
| Always | 45 | 246 | 1 | 1 | |
| Hand wash after defecation | Not always | 91 | 314 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | – |
| Always | 55 | 185 | 1 | ||
| Finger cleanness | Not clean | 89 | 224 | 1.92 (1.32, 2.79)** | 0.76 (0.47, 1.23) |
| Clean | 57 | 275 | 1 | 1 | |
| Source of water | Stream | 14 | 24 | 2.29 (1.14, 4.58)* | 1.57 (0.55, 4.48) |
| Public tap | 33 | 87 | 1.49 (0.94, 2.35) | 1.37 (0.73, 2.58) | |
| Piped water | 99 | 388 | 1 | 1 | |
| Type of latrine | PLWOS | 28 | 64 | 2.16 (1.29, 3.62)** | 1.20 (0.53, 2.74) |
| PLWS-shared | 50 | 99 | 2.50 (1.63, 3.83)** | 1.47 (0.86, 2.52) | |
| PLWS-private | 68 | 336 | 1 | 1 | |
| ODS near residence | Yes | 102 | 212 | 3.14 (2.11, 4.66)** | 1.74 (1.05, 2.85)* |
| No | 44 | 287 | 1 | 1 | |
| Soap use for hand wash | Not regular | 126 | 424 | 1.11 (0.66, 1.90) | – |
| Regular | 20 | 75 | 1 | ||
| Disposal of waste in home yard | Yes | 93 | 294 | 1.22 (0.84, 1.79) | – |
| No | 53 | 205 | 1 | ||
| Presence of pets in home | Yes | 103 | 336 | 1.16 (0.78, 1.74) | – |
| No | 43 | 163 | 1 | ||
| Habit and culture-related factors | |||||
| Habit of playing with waste water | Yes | 90 | 216 | 2.11 (1.44, 3.07)** | 1.51 (0.94, 2.45) |
| No | 56 | 283 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of playing with soil | Yes | 122 | 215 | 6.72 (4.19, 10.77)** | 3.91 (2.19, 7.00)** |
| No | 24 | 284 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of eating while playing | Yes | 119 | 263 | 3.96 (2.51, 6.22)** | 1.82 (1.07, 3.30)* |
| No | 27 | 236 | 1 | 1 | |
| Cultural response to dropped food | Cleaning and eating | 52 | 91 | 3.46 (1.93, 6.19)** | 2.58 (1.25, 5.34)* |
| Kiss and replace | 74 | 287 | 1.56 (0.91, 2.67) | 1.72 (0.90, 3.28) | |
| Leaving it there | 20 | 121 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of sucking fingers/pen-caps | Yes | 92 | 196 | 2.63 (1.80, 3.86)** | 1.82 (1.11, 2.96)* |
| No | 54 | 303 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of eating on the way to school | Yes | 137 | 382 | 4.66 (2.30, 9.44)** | 1.63 (0.70, 3.84) |
| No | 9 | 117 | 1 | 1 | |
| Habit of using grass as toothpick | Yes | 92 | 282 | 1.31 (0.90, 1.92) | – |
| No | 54 | 217 | 1 | ||
| Habit of playing barefoot | Yes | 27 | 109 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.30) | – |
| No | 119 | 390 | 1 | ||
| Eating raw vegetables | Rarely | 54 | 209 | 0.81 (0.56, 1.19) | – |
| Not at all | 92 | 290 | 1 | ||
| Eating raw meat | Yes | 33 | 150 | 0.68 (0.44, 1.50) | – |
| No | 113 | 349 | 1 | ||
| Shoes wearing habit | Not regular | 5 | 28 | 0.60 (0.23, 1.57) | – |
| Regular | 141 | 471 | 1 | ||
Note: *= significant at p-value < 0.05, **= significant at p-value < 0.01, PLWOS Pit-latrine without slab, PLWS Pit-latrine with slab, ODS Open defecation site, OR Odds ratio