Table 5.

Summary of LA Effects on PMNs in Our in vitro Study

Local Anesthetic	Bupivacaine		Lidocaine
Concentration Range	Low (~0.01 mM)	High (max. 15 mM)	Low (~0.02 mM)	High (max. 17 mM)
Clinical Location	Intravascular	Extravascular	Intravascular	Extravascular
Effect on PMNs
Viability	↔	↔	↔	↔
CD66b (“Activation”)	↔	↔	↔	↔
CD62L or CD11b (“Adhesion”)	↔	↔	↔	↔
Chemotactic migration	↔	↓↓↓	↑	↓↓↓
Induction period of ROS-production	↔	↓↓↓	↔	↓↓↓
Intensity of ROS-production	↔	↔	↔	↔
Duration until NETosis-Onset	↓	↓↓↓	↑	↓↓↓

Note: ↔ indicates no change, ↑/↓ indicates slight increase or decrease and ↓↓↓ indicates strong decrease.