Table 3.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antiviral agents against COVID-19

Entry	Name	Biological activity against COVID-19	Mechanism
1	Amprenavir	EC50: 31.32 μM, CC50: > 81 μM [25]	Protease inhibitor
2	Adefovir	ND	Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3	Azidothimidine	ND	Inhibits reverse transcriptase
4	Darunavir	Kd: 57.30 nM (3CL protease), 6.09 nM (RdRp) and 46.16 nM (papain-like protease) [26] EC50 > 100 μM [27]	Inhibits HIV protease enzyme
5	Delavirdine	ND	Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
6	Didanosine	ND	Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
7	Elvitegravir	ND	Integrase inhibitor
8	Efavirenz	EC50: > 9.6 µM, CC50: 37.6 ± 10.7 μM [23]	Inhibits non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase enzyme
9	Ritonavir	C50: 8.63 µM, CC50: 74.11 µM [25]	HIV Protease inhibitor
10	Indinavir	EC50: 59.14 µM CC50: > 81 µM [25]	Protease inhibitor
11	Maraviroc	EC50: 2.7 µM [28]	C–C chemokine receptor type 5 allosteric modulator
12	Lopinavir	EC50: 5.73 µM, CC50: 74.44 µM [25]	Protease inhibitor
13	Raltegravir	ND	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
14	Nevirapine	ND	Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
15	Sequinavir	EC50: 8.83 µM, CC50: 44.43 µM [25]	Protease inhibitor
16	Stavudine	ND	Inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme
17	Zalcitabine	ND	Inhibits nucleoside reverse transcriptase
18	Tenofovir	EC50: 100 μM [29]	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor