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. 2021 Jan 1;18(3):744–755. doi: 10.7150/ijms.48492

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The effects of p-cresol on osteogenesis of MSC: Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs were determined which included the expression of osteogenic-associated genes, ALP activity, and mineralization. The expression levels of osteogenic-associated genes; RUNX2, OPN, and COL1A1 were examined after treatment with p-cresol for 7 days and 14 days of osteogenic differentiation (A). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed after treatment with p-cresol (10, 40, 80, and 160 µg/ml) for 7 day and 10 day of differentiation (B). The data were presented as relative ALP activity (U/ml) from four individual experiment (N=4). * P-value < 0.05 comparison with control. Alizarin red S staining was investigated for calcium deposition at day 14 of differentiation (C) (Scale bar: 200 µm).