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Effects of LIPUS on autophagy in MSCs treated with 3-MA or rapamycin. (A) Electron microscopy depicting autophagosomes (arrows); scale bars = 0.5 μm. (B) Immunofluorescence staining depicting LC3+ cells (green); scale bars = 50 μm. (C) Western blot analysis of Beclin1, LC3I, LC3II, and β-actin expression in MSCs stimulated with 4 intensities of LIPUS. Values are the mean ± SD; n = 4, *P < 0.05. 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; LIPUS: low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell.
