Table 2.

Costs of urea and maize prices in East African countries and implication for economic return, i.e. value–cost ratios The costs of urea increase, whereas the prices of maize grain and the value–cost ratios decrease, with the distance to markets (adapted from Guo et al. (2009) who used an application rate of 35 kg N ha–1)

Country	Farm-gate urea costsA			Farm-gate maize pricesB			Value–cost ratio
			(USD t–1)
				Market access
	High	Medium	Low	High	Medium	Low	High	Medium	Low
Burundi	659	684	693	234	200	185	2.50	2.00	2.00
Kenya	458	486	522	288	238	182	2.75	2.25	1.50
Rwanda	647	675	699	236	209	178	2.00	1.50	1.50
Tanzania	526	552	622	245	214	128	3.25	2.75	1.25
Uganda	553	577	613	244	202	168	3.00	2.10	1.75

^AAverage costs in 2005. ^BAverage prices in 2008.