Table 6.
Lower Average BMIAmongWomen Who Live in Villages/Urban Sub-blocks with Lower Sanitation Coverage (India Human Development Survey, 2005)
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel (a): BMI regressed on sanitation and cereal calories | |||||||
| Percentage of households without toilet in PSU | -0.02993*** | -0.02954*** | -0.01903*** | -0.01086*** | -0.01118*** | -0.00996*** | -0.00968*** |
| (0.00096) | (0.00097) | (0.00124) | (0.00179) | (0.00170) | (0.00162) | (0.00160) | |
| Per capita calories consumption: cereals | -0.00015** | -0.00032*** | -0.00029*** | -0.00024*** | -0.00002 | -0.00005 | |
| (0.00007) | (0.00007) | (0.00007) | (0.00006) | (0.00007) | (0.00006) | ||
| Log of MPCE | 1.01412*** | 0.91590*** | 0.79735*** | 0.28203*** | 0.35188*** | ||
| (0.05844) | (0.05645) | (0.05613) | (0.06330) | (0.06407) | |||
| Urban residence | 0.44273*** | 0.47965*** | 0.39016 | 0.07605 | 0.09114 | ||
| (0.08661) | (0.08662) | (0.31245) | (0.30412) | (0.30087) | |||
| Household open defecation | -0.86832*** | -0.78528*** | -0.34951*** | -0.35241*** | |||
| (0.12580) | (0.11550) | (0.10703) | (0.10778) | ||||
| Height, in centimeters | -0.07480*** | ||||||
| (0.00593) | |||||||
| N (PSU) | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 |
| N (adult women) | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,123 |
| Panel (b): BMI regressed on sanitation and total calories | |||||||
| Percentage of households without toilet in PSU | -0.02993*** | -0.03017*** | -0.01929*** | -0.01095*** | -0.01128*** | -0.00998*** | -0.00971*** |
| (0.00096) | (0.00096) | (0.00124) | (0.00180) | (0.00170) | (0.00162) | (0.00160) | |
| Per capita calories consumption: Total | 0.00020*** | -0.00016*** | -0.00014** | -0.00011** | 0.00000 | -0.00001 | |
| (0.00005) | (0.00006) | (0.00006) | (0.00005) | (0.00005) | (0.00005) | ||
| Log of MPCE | 1.03137*** | 0.92900*** | 0.80109*** | 0.27624*** | 0.34249*** | ||
| (0.06338) | (0.05979) | (0.05835) | (0.06461) | (0.06520) | |||
| Urban residence | 0.48228*** | 0.51623*** | 0.42054 | 0.08030 | 0.09875 | ||
| (0.08606) | (0.08622) | (0.31285) | (0.30401) | (0.30089) | |||
| Household open defecation | -0.88278*** | -0.79561*** | -0.34843*** | -0.35013*** | |||
| (0.12740) | (0.11659) | (0.10652) | (0.10730) | ||||
| Height, in centimetres | -0.07470*** | ||||||
| (0.00592) | |||||||
| N (PSU) | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 | 2,452 |
| N (adult women) | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,135 | 27,123 |
| Income source | X | X | X | ||||
| Household controls | X | X |
Notes. Standard errors in parentheses re clustered at the PSU level (2,452 clusters). PSU stands for ‘primary sampling unit’, which is typically a village or city sub-block. The dependent variable is BMI or body mass index. Sample primarily consists of married women between 18 and 49 years old. Household controls include main income source, household assets index, social group, household size, number of children in household, and any literate adult in household. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.