Table 1.
Selected data on aflatoxins prevalence in Kenya (1960-date) from published sources.
| Subject Origin | Range ()a | Above threshold (%)b | n | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maize products (μg/kg) | ||||
| Makueni, Kitui | LOD-48,000 (9.1 Gm) | 35c | 716 | Daniel et al., 2011 |
| Nairobi (Korogocho; Dagoretti)g | 0-88.83 (6.7); 0-20 (2.97) | 16 | 99; 87 | Kiarie et al., 2016 |
| Kitui, Makueni, Machakos, Thika | 1.0-46,400 (20.53) | 55 c | 342 | Lewis et al., 2005 |
| Eastern, Nyanza | 0.01-9,091.8 (46.9) | 50.3 | 789 | Mahuku, 2018 unpublished data |
| Western Kenya | LOD-710 | 15 | 985 | Mutiga et al., 2015 |
| Upper and Lower eastern | LOD-4,839 | 39 | 1,500 | Mutiga et al., 2014 |
| Makueni | 0.0-13,000 | 35.5 c | 104 | Mwihia et al., 2008 |
| Nairobi | 0.11-4,593 | 83 | 144 | Okoth and Kola, 2012 |
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <1.0-1,137 | 26 d | 497 | Sirma et al., 2016 |
| Peanut products (μg/kg) | ||||
| Busia, Kisii | 0.1-591.1 | 48.8 d | 204 | Menza et al., 2015 |
| Nyanza, Western, Nairobi | LOD-32,328 | 37 | 1,161 | Mutegi et al., 2013 |
| Busia, Homabay | 0.0-7,525 | 7.5 c | 769 | Mutegi et al., 2009 |
| Nairobi, Nyanza | LOD-2,377 | 43 | 82 | Ndung’u et al., 2013 |
| Eldoret and Kericho towns | 0.0-2,345 | – | 228 | Nyirahakizimana et al., 2013 |
| Sorghum (μg/kg) | ||||
| Nairobi (Korogocho; Dagoretti )g | 0.2-194.41 (8.07); 0.1-14.47 (2.59) | 11 | 53; 36 | Kiarie et al., 2016 |
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <1.0-91.7 | 11 d | 164 | Sirma et al., 2016 |
| Millet (μg/kg) | ||||
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <1.0-1,658.2 | 10 d | 205 | Sirma et al., 2016 |
| Medicinal herbs (μg/kg) | ||||
| Eldoret and Mombasa towns | <0.25-24 | – | 100 | Keter et al., 2017 |
| Milk products (ng/kg) | ||||
| Eldoret, Machakos, Nyeri, Machakos, Nakuru, Nairobi | 5.8-600 | 20 e | 613 | Kang’ethe and Lang’a, 2009 |
| Makueni | 1.4-152.7 (0.83) | 22.2 (detected) | 18 | Kang’ethe et al., 2017 |
| Nandi | 0.5-0.8 (0.06) | 9.5 (detected) | 21 | Kang’ethe et al., 2017 |
| Nairobi (Korogocho; Dagoretti) g | 0.002-2.56 (0.132); 0.007-0.64 (0.093) | 63 e | 76; 52 | Kiarie et al., 2016 |
| Nairobi | LOD-1,675 | 55 e | 190 | Kirino et al., 2016 |
| Bomet | LOD-2.93 | 43.8 e | 156 | Langat et al., 2016 |
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <2-6,999 (3.2 Gm) | 10.4 e | 512 (farmers) | Senerwa et al., 2016 |
| Animal feed products (μg/kg) | ||||
| Eldoret, Machakos, Nyeri, Machakos, Nakuru, Nairobi | – | 67 d | 830 | Kang’ethe and Lang’a, 2009 |
| Nairobi | 5.13-1,123 | 95 | 72 | Okoth and Kola, 2013 |
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <1.0-4,682 (9.8 Gm) | 61.8 d | 102 (feed manufacturers) | Senerwa et al., 2016 |
| Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Kisii, Bungoma | <1.0-1,198 (25.6 Gm) | 90.3 d | 31 (feed retailers) | Senerwa et al., 2016 |
| Human exposure (pg/mg) AFB1-lysine adduct level | ||||
| Various | 0.05-0.417 (AFB-gual) | 12.6 (detected) | 830 | Autrup et al., 1987 |
| Tharaka Nithi and Meru Counties | 4.18-10.46 (7.82) | 100 (detected) f | 884 | Leroy et al., 2015 |
| Nyanza, Coast, eastern, Rift Valley | LOD-211 (2.01 Gm) | 78 (detected) | 597 | Yard et al., 2013 |
a Mean values in brackets; in some instances the authors did not present mean values and in other, Arithmetic mean was not differentiated from geometric mean (Gm).
b Percent beyond Kenyan regulatory threshold (10 μg/kg).
c Percentage based on the then Kenyan regulatory threshold of 20 μg/kg.
d Percentage samples is based on the KEBS regulatory threshold for aflatoxin B1 (5 μg/kg).
e Percentage based on a threshold of 0.05 μg/kg.
f Sample size comprised of women.
g Korogocho is a slum neighbourhood of Nairobi and Dagoretti is one of the eight divisions of Nairobi; aflatoxin data are provided for both areas, respectively.