Table 2.

Comparison of EVs extraction and purification techniques.

Strategy	Principle	Advantages	Disadvantages
Ultracentrifugation	Density, size, and shape	Low cost Low risk of pollution Fast Scalable	Low purity Damages membrane integrity Time consuming Labor intensive
Immunoaffinity capture	Specific recognition of exosome markers by corresponding immobilized antibodies	Suitable for separating exosomes of specific origin High purity	High cost Low yield Damages membrane integrity
Polymeric precipitation	High hydrophilic water-excluding polymers	Low cost Scalable Simple	Low purity Protein aggregates remain
Tangential flow ultrafiltration	Size and shape	High purity Fast Scalable Simple	Low purity Membrane-fouling High cost
Microfluidics techniques	Immunoaffinity, size, and density	Low cost Fast Simple Easily automated and integrated with diagnosis	Low sensitivity and specificity Small sample size
Size-exclusion chromatography	Size	High purity Fast Maintains membrane integrity	High cost Needs specialized equipment and filler