Table 1. Background and surgical characteristics in each group.

Parameters	Non-MMPC (n=39)	MMPC (n=68)	P value
Age (years)	51.6±11.6	56.8±10.4	0.026
Male (%)	44	54	0.534
BMI, kg/m2	31.5±6.4	30.2±5.1	0.283
Current smoker (%)	31	34	0.895
Operative time (minutes)	125±64	78±38	0.071
EBL (mL)	57±35	46±29	0.436
Number of fused levels* (%)
1	82	87
2	18	13
Revision (%)	39	44	0.685
Preop MME	4.3±13.4	7.3±34.5	0.546

*, posterior fusion. MMPC, multi-modal pain control; BMI, body mass index; EBL, estimated blood loss; MME, morphine milligram equivalent.