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. 2021 Jan 10;18:21. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-02048-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Optogenetic microglia depolarization using the Channelrhodopsin variant ChETA. a Two-photon maximum projection of a microglia patched in organotypic slice culture. Contrast inversion for better visibility. b Microglia cell properties; from left to right: Membrane resistance, cell capacitance, membrane potential, and change in membrane potential upon illumination with 1 mW/mm² 480 nm light. Black circles: n = 9 microglia, 5 slices; red dot: mean ± SEM. c Light-induced membrane depolarizations in microglia. Black: individual sweeps (n = 17 sweeps), red: peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) of seven consecutive sweeps with the same light intensity. d Relative depolarization of microglia membrane potential in response to 480 nm light. Blue dots: mean ± SEM. e Voltage-clamp recording of a microglia cell with repetitive 1 Hz 480 nm light stimulation at 1 mW/mm² (n = 7 microglia, 3 slices, female, DIV 12–20). f Enlargement of red dotted box in (e)