Table 1.

Selected probiotic preparations that have been investigated to treat various diseases

Physiology or pathological condition	Probiotic agent	Probiotic concentration	Duration of study	Effect (s)	Model	Sample (n)	Ref
Colorectal cancer	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus	2 × 109 CFU (colony-forming units)	12 weeks	Enhance bowel signs and QOL	Human	28	[28]
Gastric cancer	Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus	> 106 CFU/tablet	6–7 days	Improve immune response and decrease severity of inflammation	Human	50	[29]
Colorectal cancer	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis	3 × 1010 CFU	8 weeks	Improve QOL, decrease inflammatory biomarkers, reduce side effects of chemotherapy	Human	70	[30]
Colorectal cancer	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei. L. lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, B. infantis	3 × 1010 CFU	1 week	Accelerate return of normal gut function	Human	20	[31]
Asthma	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)	1 × 1010 CFU	6 months	Enhance T-regulatory induction	Human	10	[32]
Eczema and Asthma	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)	1 × 1010 CFU	6 months	Prevent the eczema or asthma development	Human	92	[33]
Seasonal allergic rhinitis and Intermittent asthma	Bifidobacterium spp (B. longum BB536, B. infantis M-63, B. breve M-16V)	3 × 109 CFU, 1 × 109 CFU and 1 × 109 CFU	4 weeks	Enhance AR and QOL	Human	40	[34]
Atopic	Bifidobacterium bifidumW23, Bifi-dobacterium lactisW52 and Lactococcus Lactis W58	3 × 109 CFU	6 years	Minor impact on gut microbiota composition	Human	99	[35]
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)	Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus	3 × 109 CFU	At least 10 days	Decreased frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates	Human	52	[36]
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)	Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus	1 × 108 CFU and 1 × 109 CFU	3 years	No significant effects	Human	332	[37]
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)	Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum	1 × 109CFU and 1 × 109 CFU	8 month	No significant effects	Human	31	[38]
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14	1 × 103 CFU and 2 × 107 CFU	30 days	Anti-inflammatory effects	Human	8	[39]
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)	Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12	1 × 106 CFU	8 weeks	Enhanced intestinal function	Human	105	[40]
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14	2 × 109 CFU	4 month	No significant effects	Human	14	[41]
Rheumatoid arthritis	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum	6 × 109 CFU	8 weeks	Therapeutic effects	Human	30	[42]
Rheumatoid arthritis	Lactobacillus casei 01	1 × 108 CFU	8 weeks	Reduced disease activity and inflammatory status	Human	22	[43]
Atopic dermatitis	Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR)	NA	8 weeks	Reduce signs of atopic dermatitis	Human	30	[44]
Atopic dermatitis	Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506	1 × 1010 CFU	12 weeks	Therapeutic effects	Human	12	[45]
Atopic dermatitis (AD)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12 (Bb-12), d L. acidophilus La-5 (La-5)	5 × 1010 CFU,5 × 1010 CFU and 5 × 109 CFU	2 years	Decreased proportion of Th22 cells.	Human	68	[46]
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., L. lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus	8 × 109 CFU	16 weeks	Significantly improvement in IBS symptoms well tolerance	Human	181	[47]
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, L. casei LBC80R, L. rhamnosus CLR2	5 × 1010 CFU	12 weeks	Improved stool consistency and frequency, QOL, and IBS symptoms	Human	76	[48]
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	Bifidobacterium longum (BL)	1 × 1010 CFU	6 weeks	Decreased depression	Human	18	[49]
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)	Lactobacillus brevis KB290	1 × 109 CFU	12 weeks	Improved symptoms and inflammatory status	Human	20	[50]
Gastroenteritis	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	1 × 1010 CFU	5 days	No significant effects	Human	468	[51]
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG)	1 × 1010 CFU (twice a day)	5 days	-	Human	-	[52]
Gastroenteritis	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)	1 × 1010 CFU	4 weeks	Immuno-modulatory effects	Human	65	[53]
Eczema	Lactobacillus salivarius CUL61, L. paracasei CUL08, Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis CUL34 and B. bifidum CUL20	1 × 1010 CFU	2 years	Prevent eczema	Human	187	[54]
Eczema	Bifidobacterium longum (BL999) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR)	NA	5 years	No significant effects	Human	124	[55]
Allergic rhinitis	Bifidobacterium lactis NCC 2818	4 × 109 CFU	8 weeks	Improved immune parameters and allergic symptoms	Human	10	[56]
Allergic rhinitis	Lactobacillus paracasei LP-33	2 × 109 CFU	5 weeks	Enhanced QOL	Human	179	[57]
Allergic rhinitis	Lactobacillus paracasei HF.A00232 (LP)	5 × 109 CFU	8 weeks	No significant effects	Human	32	[58]
Celiac disease	Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347	1 × 109 CFU	3 months	Enhanced health status	Human	17	[59]
Celiac disease	Bifidobacterium infantis	2 × 109 CFU	3 weeks	-	Human	12	[60]
Celiac disease	Bifidobacterium breve BR03 and B632	1 × 109 CFU	3 month	Reduced TNF-α levels	Human	22	[61]
Obesity	Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS)	≥ 4 × 1010 CFU	6 months	Decreased body weight and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration	Human	12	[62]
Obesity	Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR)	1.6 × 108 CFU	12 weeks	Improve fasting fullness and cognitive restraint in men	Human	62	[63]
Obesity	Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601, L. plantarum KY1032	5 × 109 CFU	12 weeks	Induced weight loss and decreased adiposity .	Human	32	[64]
Type I diabetes and Type II diabetes	Lactobacillus acidophilus ZT-L1, Bifidobacterium bifidum ZT-B1, L. reuteri ZT-Lre, L. fermentum ZT-L3	8 × 109 CFU	12 weeks	Beneficial effects on glycemic control and markers of cardio-metabolic risk.	Human	30	[65]
Type II diabetes	Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19 and L.s lactis W58	2.5 × 109 CFU	12 weeks	Enhanced HOMA-IR	Human	39	[66]
Type II diabetes	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938	1 × 108  CFU	12 weeks	No significant effects	Human	30	[67]
Type II diabetes	concentrated biomass of 14 probiotic bacteria genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium	Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 × 1010 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium (1 × 1010/g), Propionibacterium (3 × 1010/g) and Acetobacter (1 × 106/g)	8 weeks	Reversed insulin resistance	Human	31	[68]
Type II diabetes	Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12	1 × 109 CFU	6 weeks	Enhanced glycemic control in T2D patients, however, the intake of fermented milk seems to be involved with other metabolic changes, such as reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and resistin) .	Human	23	[69]
HIV	Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)	6.5 × 108 CFU	8 weeks	Immunological and virological effects	Human	20	[70]
HIV	Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, B. longum, B. infantis	1.8 × 1012 CFU	6 months	Beneficial effects on the reconstitution of physical and immunological integrity of the mucosal intestinal barrier	Human	10	[71]
HIV	Saccharomyces boulardii	NA	12 weeks	Therapeutic effects	Human	22	[72]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	a mixture of eight probiotic strains (Streptococcus thermophilus, bifidobacteria SPP., Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus)	NA	4 month	Reduced body mass index (BMI) in probiotic supplemented children	Human	22	[73]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12	6.46 × 106 and 4.97 × 106 CFU/g	8 weeks	Improved hepatic enzymes, serum total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels	Human	36	[74]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus.	Lactobacillus casei (3 × 109 CFU/g), Lactobacillus acidophilus (3 × 1010 CFU/ g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (7 × 109 CFU/g), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (5 × 108 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium breve (2 × 1010 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium longum (1 × 109 CFU/g), and Streptococcus thermophilus (3 × 108 CFU/g).	8 weeks	Reduced insulin requirement, reversed insulin resistance, TNF-α, and IL-6	Human	21	[75]
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	Lactobacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaris, Bifidobacterium longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus	1 × 108 CFU	12 weeks	Reduced body mass index (BMI) and serum cholesterol	Human	38	[76]
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	Lactobacillus plantarum, L. deslbrueckii, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum	2 × 108 CFU	6 months	No changes in body mass index, waist circumference, glucose or lipid levels but decreased liver fat and aspartate transaminase (AST) level	Human	10	[77]
Urinary Tract Infections	Lactobacillus crispatus GAI 98322	1 × 108 CFU	1 year	Prevent recurrence of UTI	Human	9	[78]
Urinary Tract Infections	Lactobacillus crispatus	1 × 108 CFU	10 weeks	Less recurrence of UTI	Human	43	[79]
Urinary Tract Infections	Lactobacillus GG	6 × 109 CFU	1 week	Decreased incidence of UTIs, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis	Human	295	[80]
Urinary Tract Infections	Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05	5 × 108 CFU	5 days	Minimal side effects	Human	15	[81]
Vaccine Adjuvants	Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei and L. salivarius	2 × 1010 CFU	3 weeks	Faster immune response. Specific probiotics may be adjuvants to humoral immune response following oral vaccination	Human	63	[82]
Vaccine Adjuvants	Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716	1 × 1010 CFU	4 weeks	Potentiated the immunologic response and improved systemic protection from infection	Human	25	[83]
Vaccine Adjuvants	Lactobacillus GG	1 × 1010 CFU	4 weeks	Improved influenza vaccine immunogenicity	Human	19	[84]
Plaque and carries	Lactobacillus reuteri	1 × 108 CFU	1 years	Decreased caries prevalence and gingivitis score	Human	60	[85]
Plaque and carries	Streptococcus uberis KJ2™, Streptococcus. oralis KJ3™, Streptococcus. rattus JH145	1 × 108 CFU	1 year	Reduced early childhood caries development	Human	54	[86]
Plaque and carries	Lactobacillus brevis CD2	NA	6 weeks	Beneficial effects on variables associated with oral health	Human	91	[87]
Plaque and carries	Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12	1 × 1010 CFU	2 years	No significant effects	Human	32	[88]
Plaque and carries	Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis DN-173010	≥ 108 CFU	4 weeks	Effect on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammatory parameters	Human	26	[89]
Oral wounds	A mixture of two probiotic strains, Lactobacilli reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289	2 × 108 CFU/mL	1 week	No significant effects	Human	-	[90]
oral lichen planus (OLP)	Lactobacilli reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289)	NA	16 weeks	No significant effects	Human	9	[91]
Periodontitis	L. rhamnosus SP1	2 × 107 CFU	3 month	Clinical and microbiological improvements.	Human	16	[92]
Periodontitis	Lactobacillus reuteri	1 × 108 CFU	3 weeks	Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine response and improved clinical parameters	Human	24	[93]
Periodontitis	Lactobacillus reuteri	1 × 108 CFU	12 weeks	Useful adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis.	Human	15	[94]
chronic periodontitis (CP)	Lactobacillus Reuteri	NA	3 weeks	Reduced inflammatory markers	Human	15	[95]
Periodontitis	L. rhamnosus SP1	2 × 107 CFU	3 months	Clinical improvement	Human	12	[96]
Gingivitis	Bifidobacterium animalis	≥ 108 CFU	4 weeks	Effects on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation	Human	26	[89]
Gingivitis	Lactobacillus rhamnosus PB01, DSM 14869 and Lactobacillus curvatus EB10, DSM 32307	≤ 108 CFU/tablet	4 weeks	Enhanced gingival health	Human	23	[97]
Gingivitis	Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumulus as a toothpaste	5 × 107 CFU	8 weeks	No significant effects	Human	20	[98]
Gingivitis	Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici	NA	6 weeks	Significant changes in mean gingival index	Human	29	[99]
Pregnancy Gingivitis	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938	≥ 108 CFU	7 weeks	Useful adjunct in the control of pregnancy gingivitis	Human	24	[100]
Halitosis	Lactobacillus salivarius WB21	2 × 109 CFU	4 weeks	Improved halitosis	Human	20	[101]
Halitosis	Lactobacillus brevis CD2	NA	2 weeks	No significant effects	Human	10	[102]
Candida infection	Lactobacillus reuteri	1 × 108 CFU	1 month	Decreased incidence of sepsis in addition to improving symptoms and feeding	Human	150	[103]
Candida infection	Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and L. acidophilus LA02	≥ 4 × 108 CFU	11 weeks	-	Human	57	[104]
Candida infection	Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	NA		Prevented relapse	Human	201	[105]