Table 2.
Disease severity and neuropsychological assessment in PD patients with different DWMH gradings
| DWMH gradings | Normal (n=24) | Mild (n=80) | Moderate to Severe (n=42) | P | P1 | P2 | P3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male, female) | 11,13 | 30,50 | 23,19 | 0.185 | 0.484 | 0.610 | 0.084 |
| Age (years, mean (SD)) | 55.37 (12.99) | 63.06 (9.85) | 69.61 (6.72) | 0.001* | 0.013* | 0.001* | 0.001* |
| HTN (number, percentage) | 8 (33.3%) | 25 (31.3%) | 21 (50%) | 0.117 | 0.848 | 0.193 | 0.043* |
| DM (number, percentage) | 3 (12.5%) | 10 (12.5%) | 6 (14.3%) | 0.959 | 1.000 | 0.840 | 0.782 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (number, percentage) | 3 (12.5%) | 16 (20%) | 12 (28.6%) | 0.286 | 0.407 | 0.137 | 0.287 |
| Smoking (number, percentage) | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0 | 0.436 | 0.926 | 0.186 | 0.206 |
| Medications (number, percentage) | 8 (33.3%) | 30 (37.5%) | 14 (33.3%) | 0.873 | 0.711 | 1.000 | 0.650 |
| UPDRS total, mean (SD) | 33.91 (23.26) | 39.78 (23.05) | 38.71 (29.19) | 0.458 | 0.226 | 0.646 | 0.478 |
| Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, mean (SD) | 1.71 (0.85) | 1.92 (1.09) | 2.09 (1.31) | 0.706 | 0.674 | 0.404 | 0.583 |
| Schwab and England ADL scale mean (SD) | 87.36 (12.40) | 82.89 (16.55) | 81.00 (22.16) | 0.583 | 0.281 | 0.528 | 0.741 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 25.47 (3.31) | 25.32 (4.53) | 22.14 (5.71) | 0.002* | 0.471 | 0.021* | 0.001* |
| Neuropsychological battery | |||||||
| Attention, mean (SD) | −0.24 (1.95) | −0.20 (2.03) | −1.57 (2.91) | 0.020* | 0.899 | 0.060 | 0.006* |
| Executive function, mean (SD) | −1.31 (4.48) | − 0.60 (4.43) | −2.04 (4.69) | 0.338 | 0.441 | 0.758 | 0.149 |
| Memory, mean (SD) | 0.09 (1.96) | −0.34 (2.17) | −1.36 (2.77) | 0.040* | 0.620 | 0.028* | 0.027* |
| Language, mean (SD) | −0.54 (1.73) | −0.26 (2.43) | −1.30 (2.87) | 0.127 | 0.431 | 0.298 | 0.051 |
| Visual-spatial, mean (SD) | −1.29 (1.79) | −0.56 (2.12) | −1.26 (2.67) | 0.148 | 0.087 | 0.714 | 0.159 |
Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for between-group comparisons of the three groups, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for between-two-group comparisons
P Comparison of group 0, 1, and 2+ 3, P1 Comparison of group 0 and 1, P2 Comparison of group 0 and 2+ 3, P3 Comparison of group 1 and 2+ 3, SD Standard deviation, PD Parkinson’s disease, DWMH Deep white matter hyperintensity, HTN Hypertension, DM Diabetes Mellitus; Medications, was defined as Benzodiazepines
*p< 0.05