Table 3.
Disease severity and neuropsychological assessment in PD patients with different PWMH gradings
| PWMH gradings | Normal (n=16) | Mild (n=90) | moderate to severe (n=40) | P | P1 | P2 | P3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male, female) | 9,7 | 37,53 | 19, 21 | 0.523 | 0.285 | 0.442 | 0.704 |
| Age (years, mean (SD)) | 57.81 (11.49) | 62.58 (10.67) | 69.50 (8.60) | 0.001* | 0.067 | 0.001* | 0.001* |
| HTN (number, percentage) | 4 (25%) | 31 (34.4%) | 19 (47.5%) | 0.211 | 0.461 | 0.125 | 0.160 |
| DM (number, percentage) | 2 (12.5%) | 11 (12.2%) | 6 (15%) | 0.909 | 0.975 | 0.811 | 0.666 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (number, percentage) | 2 (12.5%) | 20 (22.2%) | 9 (22.5%) | 0.665 | 0.379 | 0.399 | 0.972 |
| Smoking (number, percentage) | 0 | 4 (4.4%) | 0 | 0.281 | 0.392 | 1.000 | 0.177 |
| Medications (number, percentage) | 11 (68.8%) | 28 (31.1%) | 13 (32.5%) | 0.014* | 0.004* | 0.014* | 0.875 |
| UPDRS total, mean (SD) | 43.43 (22.11) | 36.68 (23.50) | 41.58 (29.09) | 0.456 | 0.229 | 0.486 | 0.555 |
| Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, mean (SD) | 2.18 (1.34) | 1.86 (1.04) | 2.03 (1.26) | 0.761 | 0.445 | 0.669 | 0.803 |
| Schwab and England ADL scale, mean (SD) | 82.67 (13.87) | 83.97 (16.30) | 80.52 (22.29) | 0.823 | 0.527 | 0.680 | 0.841 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 27.62 (2.24) | 24.71 (4.54) | 22.56 (5.73) | 0.001* | 0.007* | 0.001* | 0.033* |
| Neuropsychological battery | |||||||
| Attention, mean (SD) | 0.83 (1.16) | −0.46 (2.17) | −1.44 (2.80) | 0.003* | 0.030* | 0.001* | 0.034* |
| Executive function, mean (SD) | 0.71 (3.97) | −0.97 (4.23) | −2.23 (5.11) | 0.113 | 0.130 | 0.060 | 0.225 |
| Memory, mean (SD) | 0.78 (1.14) | −0.36 (2.06) | −1.54 (2.94) | 0.003* | 0.033* | 0.001* | 0.037* |
| Language, mean (SD) | 0.31 (2.12) | −0.36 (2.20) | −1.48 (3.00) | 0.040* | 0.380 | 0.044* | 0.028* |
| Visual-spatial, mean (SD) | 0.18 (1.96) | −0.83 (2.10) | −1.35 (2.57) | 0.058 | 0.065 | 0.029* | 0.210 |
Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for between-group comparisons of three groups, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for between-two-group comparisons
P Comparison of group 0, 1 and 2+ 3, P1 Comparison of group 0 and 1, P2 Comparison of group 0 and 2+ 3, P3 Comparison of group 1 and 2+ 3, SD Standard deviation, PD Parkinson’s disease, PWMH Periventricular white matter hyperintensities, HTN Hypertension, DM Diabetes Mellitus; Medications, was defined as Benzodiazepines
*p< 0.05