Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients
| Dialysis (n=33) |
CKD (n=32) |
Transplant (n=30) | Healthy controls (n=30) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67 (25-82) | 71 (37-90) | 55 (34-77) | 36 (22-69) | <0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 26 (79) | 24 (75) | 17 (57) | 11 (37) | 0.002 |
| Smoke (%) | |||||
| Never | 57.6 | 40.6 | 60.2 | 83.3 | 0.045 |
| Ex-smoker | 39.4 | 53.1 | 35.8 | 16.7 | |
| Current smoker | 3 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 0 | |
| Diabetes (%) | 13 (39.4) | 16 (50) | 11 (36.7) | 0 | 0.527* |
| IHD (%) | 9 (27) | 8 (25) | 7 (23) | 0 | 0.937* |
| Hypertension (%) | 24 (73) | 26 (81) | 22 (73) | 0 | 0.675* |
| PVD (%) | 2 (6) | 1 (3) | 3 (10) | 0 | 0.537* |
| CVA (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (6) | 2 (7) | 0 | 0.775* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 5 | 30 ± 9 | 26 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141 ± 26 | 144 ± 21 | 142 ± 16 | 118 ± 10 | <0.0001 |
| Hb (g/L) | 120 ± 11 | 129 ± 15 | 133 ± 18 | 140 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| MCV (fL) | 89 ± 7 | 88 ± 4 | 90 ± 6 | 87 ± 3 | 0.167 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | - | 31 (10-59) | 59 (32-90) | 98 (70-127) | <0.0001 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 18.7 ± 6.2 | 13.5 ± 4.8 | 9.1 ± 2.5 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 16 ± 8 | 24 ± 22 | 23 ± 11 | 22 ± 11 | 0.100 |
| GGT(IU/L) | 23 (10-259) | 37 (8-163) | 24 (9-233) | 17 (10-40) | 0.028 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 34 ± 4 | 38 ± 4 | 39 ± 3 | 41 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.4 (2-13) | 5.6 (4.5-18) | 4.9 (3-19) | 4.8 (4.2-5.8) | <0.0001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 4 (0-38) | 6 (2-29) | 4 (2-147) | 0 (0-11) | <0.0001 |
| p-Cresyl sulphate (μM) | 52 ± 33 | 29 ± 20 | 9 ± 11 | 6 ± 4 | <0.0001 |
| Indoxyl sulphate (μM) | 19.2 ± 12.1 | 3.8 ± 4.6 | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (range). eGFR values are calculated using the CKD-EPI formula.
*Chi-square analyses performed between CKD, Dialysis and Transplant groups only.
IHD ischaemic heart disease, PVD peripheral vascular disease, CVA cerebrovascular accident, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MCV mean corpuscular volume, ALT alanine transferase, GGT gamma glutamyl transferase