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Schematic diagram showing the downward signaling pathways of TLR2 and TLR4 to the release inflammatory cytokines that have an important role in insulin resistance and pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DNP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappaB; and AP-1: Activator protein 1.
