Table 2.
Participant characteristics per condition.
| Intervention (n = 22) | Control (n = 19) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (Range) | SD | Mean (Range) | SD | |
| Age (years) | 45.14 (19–66) | 14.51 | 47.32 (20–76) | 17.45 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 14 | 63.6 | 9 | 47.4 |
| Male | 8 | 36.4 | 10 | 52.6 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Elementary school | 1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Upper secondary school | 8 | 36.4 | 8 | 42.1 |
| University | 13 | 59.1 | 10 | 52.6 |
| Other (no school education) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.3 |
| Place of birth | ||||
| Sweden | 17 | 77.3 | 14 | 73.7 |
| Other Scandinavian country | 1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Other European country | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.3 |
| Outside of Europe | 4 | 18.2 | 4 | 21.1 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 4 | 18.2 | 5 | 26.3 |
| Married or cohabiting | 12 | 54.5 | 13 | 68.4 |
| Divorced | 1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Widowed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Living apart together (LAT) | 5 | 22.7 | 1 | 5.3 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 22 | 100 | 16 | 78.9 |
| (Full-time employed) | (19) | (86.4) | (13) | (68.4) |
| (Part-time employed) | (3) | (13.6) | (2) | (10.5) |
| Unemployed | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.3 |
| Student | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retired | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15.8 |
| On sick leave | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Yearly income (SEK) | ||||
| 0–249,999 | 5 | 22.7 | 4 | 21.1 |
| 250,000–349,999 | 4 | 18.2 | 6 | 31.6 |
| 350,000–449,999 | 7 | 31.8 | 4 | 21.2 |
| 450,000–549,999 | 4 | 18.2 | 2 | 10.5 |
| 550,000 and above | 2 | 9.1 | 3 | 15.8 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| Traumatic event | ||||
| DSM-5 PTSD criterion A1 | 22 | 100 | 19 | 100 |
| Experienced event | 22 | 100 | 19 | 100 |
| Witnessed event | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Brought in by ambulance | 4 | 18.2 | 8 | 42.1 |
| Type of traumaa | ||||
| Transportation accident | 8 | 36.4 | 7 | 36.8 |
| (Car/van/bus driver) | (5) | (22.7) | (2) | (10.5) |
| (Car/van passenger) | (0) | (0) | (1) | (5.3) |
| (Motorcyclist) | (0) | (0) | (1) | (5.3) |
| (Electric scooter driver) | (0) | (0) | (2) | (10.5) |
| (Cyclist) | (3) | (13.6) | (1) | (5.3) |
| (Pedestrian) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) |
| Serious accident at work, home, or during recreational activity | 13 | 59.1 | 11 | 57.9 |
| (Slip-and-fall injury) | (6) | (27.3) | (6) | (31.6) |
| (Free fall trauma) | (2) | (9.1) | (3) | (15.8) |
| (Threat to limb/extremity) | (2) | (9.1) | (1) | (5.3) |
| (Head injury) | (1) | (4.5) | (0) | (0) |
| (Burn injury) | (1) | (4.5) | (0) | (0) |
| (Attacked by dog) | (1) | (4.5) | (0) | (0) |
| (Crushed under heavy object) | (0) | (0) | (1) | (5.3) |
| Assault with a weapon | 1 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Physical assault | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.3 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| Perceived life/serious injury threat to self (score > 0) | 18 | 81.8 | 16 | 84.2 |
| Perceived life/serious injury threat to someone else (score > 0) | 2 | 9.1 | 5 | 26.3 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Perceived threat | 5.64 | 3.17 | 5.37 | 3.29 |
| Time since traumatic event (hours:min) | ||||
| Included within 6 h since traumatic event (intervention n = 14, control n = 17b) | 2:33 | 0:58 | 3:21 | 1:13 |
| Included within 72 h since traumatic event (intervention n = 8, control n = 2) | 25:10 | 14:37 | 12:37 | 6:52 |
| Injury Severity Score | 2.05 | 1.68 | 2.16 | 1.61 |
| PDEQ | 16.23 | 7.96 | 19.16 | 9.22 |
| PDI | 14.18 | 8.78 | 17.32 | 9.26 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| Treatment in emergency department | ||||
| Location in emergency department | ||||
| ED | 20 | 90.9 | 16 | 84.2 |
| ED Walk-in centrec | 2 | 9.1 | 3 | 15.8 |
| Admitted as in-patient | 2 | 9.1 | 1 | 5.3 |
| Received opiate medication | 8 | 36.4 | 10 | 52.6 |
| n | % | n | % | |
| History of trauma or mental illness | ||||
| Prior psychological trauma | 17 | 77.3 | 16 | 84.2 |
| Current/past mental illness | 6 | 27.3 | 6 | 31.6 |
| Family history of mental illness | 8 | 36.4 | 5 | 26.3 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Self-rated sleep and health (baseline) | ||||
| SRHR | 5.82 | 1.10 | 5.37 | 1.21 |
| SRSR | 5.91 | 2.35 | 5.00 | 2.98 |
DSM-5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, PDEQ Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, PDI Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, SEK Swedish crown, SRHR Self-Rated Health Rating, SRSR Self-Rated Sleep Rating.
aClassified by the Life Events Checklist LEC-5.
bNote that one participant was included within 6 h but completed the task 6–72 h since traumatic event.
cWalk-in centre only included as a recruitment site from 3 June 2019 onwards.