TABLE 1.
Main published observational studies and randomized trials of biologic and targeted synthetic drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2–induced hyperinflammation.
| Agent | Ref | Study information | Sample size | Study population | Setting | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-1 | ||||||
| Anakinra | Cavalli et al. (2020a) | Single-centre, open-label | 29 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | Improved respiratory function, improved survival |
| 16 controls | ||||||
| Anakinra | Huet et al. (2020) | Single-centre, open-label | 52 treateds | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | Reduced ICU admission, improved survival |
| 44 control | ||||||
| Anakinra | Navarro‐Millán et al. (2020) | Single-centre, case-series | 11 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | 7 patients not required invasive mechanical ventilation (early-treated) |
| canakinumab | Ucciferri et al. (2020) | Single-centre, case-series | 10 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | All patients discharged |
| Interleukin-6 | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Campochiaro et al. (2020a) | Single-centre, open-label | 52 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | No differences in clinical improvement and survival |
| 44 controls | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Capra et al. (2020) | Single-centre, open-label | 62 treated | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | Improved respiratory function, improved survival |
| 23 controls | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Morena et al. (2020) | Single-centre, case series | 51 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | ICU and non-ICU | 31 patients were discharged, 17 had a worsening of the clinical status, 14 died |
| Tocilizumab | Guaraldi et al. (2020) | Multicentre, open-label | 179 treated | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | Reduced ICU admission or death |
| 365 controls | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Biran et al. (2020) | Multicentre, open-label | 210 treated | ARDS with mechanical support | ICU | Improved survival |
| 420 controls | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Stone et al. (2020) | Multicenter RCT | 161 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | No differences in clinical improvement and survival |
| 82 controls | ||||||
| Tocilizumab | Hermine et al. (2020) | Multicenter RCT | 64 treated 67 controls | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | Reduced mechanical ventilation and death rate at 14 days; no differences in survival at 28 days |
| Tocilizumab/sarilumab | Sinha et al. (2020) | Single-centre, case series | 255 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | Mortality of severe patients was comparable to the overall COVID-19-related mortality in the local area |
| sarilumab | Benucci et al. (2020) | Single-centre, case series | 8 treated | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | 7 patients discharged within 14 days, 1 patient died |
| sarilumab | Della-Torre et al. (2020) | Single-centre, open-label | 28 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | No differences in clinical improvement and survival |
| 28 controls | ||||||
| GM-CSF | ||||||
| Mavrilimumab | De Luca et al. (2020) | Single-centre, open-label | 13 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | Greater and earlier improvement of clinical outcomes |
| 26 controls | ||||||
| Tumor necrosis factor | ||||||
| Infliximab | Stallmach et al. (2020) | Single-centre, open-label | 7 treated | Respiratory failure, hyperinflammation | Outside ICU | Clinical improvement in 6 patients |
| 17 controls | ||||||
| Janus kinases | ||||||
| Ruxolitinib | Cao et al. (2020) | Multicenter RCT | 20 treated | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | Faster clinical recovery; chest CT improvement |
| 21 controls | ||||||
| Baricitinib | Cantini et al. (2020) | Multicentre, open-label | 113 treated | Respiratory failure | Outside ICU | Improved respiratory function, reduced ICU admission, increased discharge rate |
| 78 controls |