Fig. 3.

Schematic overview of VNB-formation Prior to VNB formation, 70 ​nm AuNPs are added to the biofilm, which will penetrate through biofilm. Subsequently, the biofilm is submitted to a 561 ​nm laser pulse (7 ns), which is heating up the AuNPs rapidly leading to the formation of water vapor bubbles or VNBs around the AuNP. The expansion of the VNBs is, followed by the implosion of the bubble, altering the biofilm density and biofilm morphology.