Table 2.

Papers on the optimisation of self-management, including effect sizes

Outcome	Type of intervention	Benefit of intervention compared with control* in n of n selected papers (if applicable: of which n of n SLRs)	Effect size for papers with benefit of intervention† (if available)	RoB (n)
				L	M	H
Self-efficacy122 125 126 130–132 137 144 145 148 152 159 160 162 167 183 185–196	Self-management programmes‡	12/13(4/4)	0.18–0.39; 0.23–0.67; 0.37; 0.43–0.53; 0.49§; 7.52–8.25	2	2	9
	Education	6/6(1/1)	0.05–0.17; 0.22–0.59; 1.23	0	1	5
	Psychological	2/2(1/1)	0.20–0.35; 0.45	1	0	1
	Other:
	- Exercise	1/1	0.44–1.06	0	0	1
	- Nurse-led follow-up	1/1(1/1)	–	1	0	0
	- Eszopiclone 3 mg	1/1	0.05–0.37	0	1	0
	- Assistive technology (eye drop dispenser)	1/1(1/1)	–	1	0	0
	- Patient-reported outcome-based telehealth follow-up	0/1		0	0	1
	- Direct access to hospital review through helpline	0/1		0	0	1
Anxiety137 145 162 183 184 187 191–193	Self-management programs‡	1/1	0.69–0.71	0	0	1
	Education	1/3	0.039	0	0	3
	Psychological	1/2(1/1)	0.17§	1	0	1
	Other:
	- Relaxation therapy	0/1		0	0	1
	- Direct access to hospital review through helpline	0/1		0	0	1
Depressive symptoms132 137 145 152 162 183 184 187 191–193	Self-management programmes‡	0/2		0	0	2
	Education	0/3		0	0	3
	Psychological	3/3(2/2)	0.15–0.33§; 0.65	2	0	1
	Other:
	- Relaxation therapy	0/1		0	0	1
	- Direct access to hospital review through helpline	0/1		0	0	1
RA knowledge122 167 183 185 189 193	Self-management programmes‡	1/1	0.34-0.47	0	0	1
	Education	2/3(1/1)	0.84	0	1	2
	Psychological	No papers
	Other: Web-based rehabilitation	1/1(1/1)	–	1	0	0

*Mostly usual care or wait list.

†If different outcome measures were used, the range in effect sizes over these measures is reported.

‡Combination of non-pharmacological interventions.

§Pooled effect size, reported in SLR.

H, high (red); L, low (green); M, moderate (yellow); n, number of papers; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RoB, risk of bias; SLR, systematic literature review.