Table 1.
Demographics, Clinical, and Serological Characteristics of Health Care Workers
| Characteristic | Total (n = 607) |
High Riska (n = 383) |
Low Riska (n = 224) |
Crude Pb |
Adjusted Pc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age median ± SD | 39 ± 12.6 | 36 ± 12.6 | 42.5 ± 12.7 | ||
| Age group, y | .0096 | .8382 | |||
| 20–50 | 446 (73.5) | 295 (77.0) | 151 (67.4) | ||
| 51–78 | 161 (26.5) | 88 (23.0) | 73 (32.6) | ||
| Sex | .0138 | .6269 | |||
| Female | 468 (77.1) | 283 (73.9) | 185 (82.3) | ||
| Male | 139 (22.9) | 100 (26.1) | 39 (17.4) | ||
| Workplace | <.0001 | .0010 | |||
| Haukeland University Hospital | 471 (77.6) | 247 (64.5) | 224 (100) | ||
| Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital | 54 (8.9) | 54 (14.1) | … | ||
| Bergen Municipality Emergency | 82 (13.5) | 82 (21.4) | … | ||
| Profession | <.0001 | .0347 | |||
| Physician | 174 (28.7) | 126 (32.9) | 48 (21.4) | ||
| Nurse | 286 (47.1) | 200 (52.2) | 86 (38.4) | ||
| Other | 147 (24.2) | 57 (14.9) | 90 (40.2) | ||
| Travel history in 2020 at baseline | .2271 | .9452 | |||
| International | 133/606 (21.9) | 91/382 (23.8) | 42/224 (18.7) | ||
| Domestic | 38/606 (6.3) | 26/382 (6.8) | 12/224 (5.3) | ||
| None | 435/606 (71.8) | 265/382 (69.2) | 170/224 (75.9) | ||
| Occupational exposure at baseline | <.0001 | .0094 | |||
| Confirmed patient contact | 37/597 (6.2) | 37/379 (9.8) | 0/218 (0) | ||
| Suspected patient contact | 74/597 (12.4) | 74/379 (19.5) | 0/218 (0) | ||
| No patient contact | 486/597 (81.4) | 268/379 (70.7) | 218/218 (100) | ||
| Occupational exposure at follow-up | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| With PPE | 263/605 (43.5) | 263/381 (69.0) | 0/224 (0) | ||
| Without PPE | 10/605 (1.7) | 10/381 (2.6) | 0/224 (0) | ||
| No contact | 332/605 (54.9) | 108/381 (28.3) | 224/224 (100) | ||
| Community exposure at follow-up | 17/604 (2.8) | 15/380 (3.9) | 2/224 (0.9) | .0283 | .4295 |
| Symptoms at follow-up | .0920 | .3229 | |||
| Any symptom | 116/606 (19.1) | 81/382 (21.1) | 35/224 (15.6) | ||
| Dry cough | 59/113 (52.2) | 40/78 (51.2) | 19/35 (54.3) | ||
| Fever | 29/113 (25.7) | 22/79 (27.9) | 7/34 (20.1) | ||
| Dyspnea | 22/113 (19.5) | 20/79 (25.3) | 2/34 (5.9) | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test at follow-up | .9719 | .7291 | |||
| Positive | 8 (1.3) | 5 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | ||
| Negative | 89 (14.7) | 62 (16.2) | 27 (12.1) | ||
| Been in quarantine at follow-up | 108/598 (18.1) | 74/377 (19.6) | 34/221 (15.4) | .1928 | .1808 |
| Screening anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline | .4987 | .2401 | |||
| Negative | 550 (90.6) | 343 (89.6) | 207 (92.4) | ||
| Intermediate | 46 (7.6) | 32 (8.3) | 14 (6.2) | ||
| Positive | 11 (1.8) | 8 (2.1) | 3 (1.4) | ||
| Screening anti-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at follow-up | .5362 | .2400 | |||
| Negative | 542 (89.3) | 338 (88.3) | 204 (91.1) | ||
| Intermediate | 47 (7.7) | 33 (8.6) | 14 (6.2) | ||
| Positive | 18 (3.0) | 12 (3.1) | 6 (2.7) |
Data are No. (%) unless otherwise specified. Bold values are statistically significant values with P < .05.
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PPE, personal protective equipment; RBD, receptor-binding domain; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
aHigh-risk group that tested and treated COVID-19 patients includes emergency, infectious diseases, and intensive care unit departments at Haukeland University Hospital, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, and Bergen Municipality Emergency Room. Low-risk group that did not treat COVID-19 patients includes other clinical departments and laboratories.
bCrude P value was determined by χ 2 test (associations between exposure groups and characteristics) in R.
cAdjusted P value was calculated by generalized linear mixed-effects model including all demographic, clinical, and serological characteristics in R.