Table 1.
Participant Characteristics (N = 1,318)
| Total N = 1,318 |
18–39 years n = 375 |
40–64 years n = 542 |
65–92 years n = 398 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) |
| Age | 52.42 (17.76) | 27.98 (5.18) | 55.44 (6.51) | 71.32 (5.10) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 21.5% | 14.1% | 19.4% | 31.4% |
| Female | 77% | 81.9% | 79.9% | 68.3% |
| Gender variant/nonconforming | 1.1% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.3% |
| Other/prefer not to answer | 0.4% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
| Asian | 2.3% | 5.9% | 1.5% | 0.0% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% |
| Black/African American | 4.2% | 3.7% | 6.3% | 1.8% |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 2.3% | 4.8% | 1.5% | 1.0% |
| White | 86.9% | 81.1% | 86.3% | 93.5% |
| More than one | 2.7% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 1.5% |
| Other | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.8% |
| Healtha | 2.42 (1.01) | 2.27 (0.94) | 2.53 (1.08) | 2.38 (0.96) |
| Annual household income | ||||
| $0–$9,999 | 3.0% | 5.6% | 2.4% | 1.5% |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 4.0% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 4.3% |
| $20,000–$29,999 | 5.3% | 5.6% | 4.8% | 5.8% |
| $30,000–$39,999 | 7.4% | 6.4% | 6.8% | 8.8% |
| $40,000–$49,999 | 7.1% | 8.5% | 5.0% | 8.5% |
| $50,000–$59,999 | 7.5% | 9.9% | 6.3% | 7.0% |
| $60,000–$69,999 | 7.6% | 8.0% | 6.8% | 8.3% |
| $70,000–$79,999 | 8.4% | 8.3% | 7.0% | 10.6% |
| $80,000–$89,999 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 7.2% | 4.5% |
| $90,000–$99,999 | 6.4% | 6.1% | 7.4% | 5.3% |
| $100,000 or more | 32.7% | 29.3% | 38.2% | 28.6% |
| Social distancing time (in days) | 32.28 (15.04) | 35.53 (17.22) | 30.79 (13.65) | 31.32 (14.24) |
| Objective social isolationb | 3.10 (0.95) | 3.00 (0.95) | 3.14 (0.98) | 3.15 (0.90) |
| Posttraumatic stressc | 0.98 (0.63) | 1.19 (0.67) | 0.97 (0.61) | 0.81 (0.55) |
| Avoidant copingd | 1.74 (0.39) | 1.90 (0.44) | 1.69 (0.36) | 1.64 (0.34) |
| Approach copingd | 2.67 (0.55) | 2.66 (0.55) | 2.68 (0.55) | 2.66 (0.55) |
| Social supporte | 3.85 (0.95) | 3.96 (0.96) | 3.76 (0.98) | 3.86 (0.90) |
| Depressionf | 15.24 (5.62) | 17.77 (5.96) | 15.01 (5.52) | 13.18 (4.38) |
| Anxietyg | 11.97 (4.94) | 14.36 (5.25) | 11.79 (4.68) | 9.99 (3.94) |
| Lonelinessh | 5.11 (1.79) | 5.56 (1.73) | 5.17 (1.86) | 4.58 (1.62) |
Notes: aRepresents participants’ self-rated health. bRepresents participants’ average frequency of contact with children, other family, and friends. cPosttraumatic stress was measured using the Impact of Event Scale—Revised (Weiss & Marmar, 1997). dAvoidant coping and approach coping were measured using the Brief COPE Scale (Carver, 1997). eSocial support was measured using the Medical Outcome Study–Social Support Survey (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991). fDepression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Kroenke et al., 2001). gAnxiety was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (Spitzer et al., 2006). hLoneliness was measured using the UCLA three-item loneliness scale (Hughes et al., 2004).