Figure 3.

The composition of the R&D pipeline. (A) Antibodies are now in development targeting all the major classes of non-olfactory GPCRs, where two-thirds of the GPCR-antibody pipeline are directed to Family A GPCRs (half of which are chemokine receptors). A diverse range of mechanisms of action have been harnessed, including antagonist, agonist, ADCC, bispecific (e.g. T-cell redirection, biparatopic or bispecific for two different antigens), ADCs, antibody–peptide fusions, incorporation into CAR-T. The GPCR-mAb field has matured sufficiently for further granularity to be depicted, such that the outer hatched colored doughnut ring represents antibodies progressing through clinical development, whereas the inner ring, using the same color scheme but with no hatching, shows the numbers of antibodies in preclinical and discovery research. (B) The range of ion channel targets under investigation remains similar to the past couple of years with 50 active programs directed to 20 different ion channels. In addition, a few trends can be observed, such as an increase in activity focused on Na_v1.7. K_v1.3 and the P2X family is also frequent targets of interest. For both GPCR and ion channel pipelines, some antibodies are being evaluated for more than one disease indication and therefore may be at multiple stages of development. FZD, frizzled; Smo, smoothened.