Table 1.
Dock score of interaction between phytochemicals from Phyllanthus amarus and Andrographis paniculata with SARS-CoV-2 proteins; S protein [PDB ID:6VSB,6VXX (closed), 6YVB (open)], 3 chymotrypsin like protease (3CLpro) (PDB ID:6LU7), papain like protease (PLpro) (PDB ID:4OVZ) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (PDB ID:6NUS)
Group | Sl. No. | Compound | S protein | S protein (Closed) | S protein (Open) | 3CLpro | PLpro | RdRp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | Binding affinity (kcal/mol) | |||
Positive control | 1 | Remdesivir | − 8.00 | − 8.40 | − 8.50 | − 7.90 | − 9.50 | − 7.60 |
Phytochemicals from P.amarus | ||||||||
Alkaloids | 1 | Epibubbialine | − 6.80 | − 7.30 | − 6.70 | − 5.90 | − 7.50 | − 6.30 |
2 | Isobubbialine | − 7.40 | − 8.20 | − 7.30 | − 6.00 | − 7.70 | − 6.40 | |
3 | nor-securinine | − 6.80 | − 7.20 | − 7.20 | − 5.70 | − 7.30 | − 6.80 | |
4 | Securinine | − 7.10 | − 7.40 | − 7.10 | − 5.90 | − 7.70 | − 7.30 | |
Flavonoids | 5 | Astragalin* | − 9.80 | − 8.30 | − 8.30 | − 8.40 | − 9.70 | − 7.60 |
6 | Kaempferol* | − 8.30 | − 8.30 | − 8.40 | − 7.70 | − 9.60 | − 7.00 | |
7 | Quercetin* | − 8.10 | − 8.80 | − 8.80 | − 7.50 | − 8.60 | − 8.60 | |
8 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside* | − 9.80 | − 8.60 | − 8.60 | − 8.20 | − 10.30 | − 7.70 | |
9 | Quercitrin* | − 9.20 | − 8.60 | − 8.60 | − 8.60 | − 8.80 | − 8.10 | |
Phenylpropanoid | 10 | Cinnamic acid | − 5.80 | − 5.70 | − 6.00 | − 4.70 | − 6.30 | − 5.60 |
11 | Hinokinin* | − 8.40 | − 8.50 | − 8.40 | − 7.40 | − 9.80 | − 8.20 | |
12 | Niranthin | − 6.30 | − 5.90 | − 6.10 | − 6.30 | − 7.60 | − 6.10 | |
13 | Nirtetralin | − 7.40 | − 7.00 | − 7.00 | − 6.60 | − 6.70 | − 7.00 | |
14 | Phenylalanine | − 5.50 | − 5.70 | − 5.80 | − 4.80 | − 6.00 | − 5.60 | |
15 | Phyllanthin | − 6.10 | − 5.60 | − 5.90 | − 5.70 | − 7.60 | − 6.40 | |
Tannins | 16 | Corilagin* | − 8.80 | − 9.60 | − 9.50 | − 8.70 | − 8.50 | − 9.30 |
17 | Furosin* | − 10.20 | − 9.60 | − 9.40 | − 8.70 | − 9.20 | − 9.10 | |
18 | Geraniin* | − 10.60 | − 10.10 | − 10.10 | − 9.30 | − 9.20 | − 9.10 | |
19 | Melatonin | − 6.60 | − 6.60 | − 7.20 | − 5.80 | − 7.00 | − 5.50 | |
Triterpenes | 20 | farnesyl farnesol | − 5.20 | − 5.40 | − 5.80 | − 4.50 | − 5.80 | − 4.70 |
21 | Phenazine | − 6.70 | − 7.00 | − 7.10 | − 5.80 | − 7.50 | − 7.00 | |
Phytochemicals from A. paniculata | ||||||||
Bioactive compounds | 1 | Andrograpanin | − 7.30 | − 7.10 | − 6.60 | − 6.10 | − 6.80 | − 7.20 |
2 | Andrographolide | − 7.90 | − 7.50 | − 7.60 | − 6.50 | − 8.00 | − 7.30 | |
3 | Isoandrographolide* | − 9.10 | − 7.30 | − 8.10 | − 7.00 | − 9.30 | − 8.30 | |
Diterpenes | 4 | 14-acetylandrographolide | − 7.60 | − 7.50 | − 8.00 | − 6.70 | − 8.40 | − 7.00 |
5 | 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide | − 7.70 | − 7.60 | − 7.70 | − 7.60 | − 7.30 | − 7.10 | |
6 | 14-deoxy-14,15-didehydroandrographolide | − 8.00 | − 8.20 | − 7.40 | − 6.80 | − 7.80 | − 7.90 | |
7 | 14-Deoxyandrographolide | − 8.00 | − 8.20 | − 7.60 | − 7.30 | − 8.30 | − 7.80 | |
8 | 19-O-acetyl-14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide | − 8.40 | − 7.40 | − 7.50 | − 6.80 | − 8.80 | 7.10 | |
9 | Deoxyandrographolide | − 7.80 | − 7.40 | − 8.10 | − 7.30 | − 7.00 | 7.50 | |
10 | Neoandrographolide | − 8.20 | − 8.10 | − 8.40 | − 7.80 | − 7.80 | − 8.50 | |
Flavonoids | 11 | 5-hydroxy-7,8,2′,3′-tetramethoxyflavone, | − 7.60 | − 8.00 | − 7.40 | − 6.90 | − 8.40 | − 7.00 |
12 | 5-hydroxy-7,8,2′,5′-tetramethoxy flavone | − 8.20 | − 7.90 | − 7.50 | − 7.60 | − 8.60 | − 7.80 | |
13 | 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone | − 7.80 | − 7.40 | − 7.80 | − 7.20 | − 8.90 | − 7.30 | |
14 | 5-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone | − 7.90 | − 7.20 | − 8.00 | − 7.50 | − 9.00 | − 7.50 |
The docking score of respective phytochemicals higher than the positive control (remdesivir) has been denoted in bold
*The phytochemicals showing better binding affinity with all the viral proteins