Table 2.

Coefficients from multivariate generalized estimating equations for change in Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total problem scores with age, by study group.

Characteristic	Internalizing T-score		Externalizing T-score		Total Problem T-score
	Coefficient (95% CI)	P	Coefficient (95% CI)	P	Coefficient (95% CI)	P
First CBCL test score	0.56 (0.51–0.62)	<0.001	0.56 (0.5–0.61)	<0.001	0.58 (0.51–0.64)	<0.001
Age (per year score increase)	−0.71 (−0.89 to −0.54)	<0.001	−0.66 (−0.81 to −0.51)	<0.001	−0.7 (−0.88 to −0.53)	<0.001
Study group		0.001		0.21		0.001
PHIV	−2.49 (−3.92 to −1.06)		−0.84 (−2.08–0.39)		−2.29 (−3.72 to −0.86)
HEU	−0.72 (−2.43–0.99)		0.05 (−1.42–1.52)		−0.15 (−1.85–1.55)
HUU	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Female vs. male sex	0.09 (−0.94–1.13)	0.86	−0.85 (−1.74–0.05)	0.06	−0.36 (−1.38–0.66)	0.49
Thai vs. Cambodian	1.72 (0.47–2.97)	0.007	−0.03 (−1.09–1.03)	0.95	0.92 (−0.3–2.14)	0.14
CBCL respondent		0.002		0.09		0.04
Biological parent	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
Grandparent	2.18 (0.4–3.96)		0.64 (−0.89–2.16)		1.8 (0.01–3.58)
Other relative	1.73 (0.09–3.37)		1.57 (0.15–2.99)		1.79 (0.13–3.46)
Average income or above vs. <average income	0.58 (−0.61–1.77)	0.34	0.87 (−0.15–1.89)	0.1	0.7 (−0.47–1.87)	0.24
Caregiver education		0.15		0.57		0.22
None/elementary	1 (ref)		1 (ref)		1 (ref)
High/vocational	0.64 (−0.5–1.77)		0.11 (−0.87–1.09)		0.61 (−0.51–1.73)
University	−2.19 (−4.79–0.4)		−1.45 (−3.69–0.8)		−1.75 (−4.33–0.84)
Unknown	−0.21 (−4.3–3.88)		−0.57 (−4.08–2.95)		−1.3 (−5.35–2.76)

CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CI, confidence interval; HEU, HIV-exposed but uninfected; HUU, HIV unexposed, uninfected; PHIV, perinatally acquired HIV.