Table 3.
Resilience: characteristics associated with resilience in Internalizing and Externalizing T-scores.
| Internalizing |
Externalizing |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate |
Multivariate |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||||
| OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | |
| Group | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.47 | ||||
| PHIV | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | ||||
| HEU | 2.0 (1.1–3.5) | 2.0 (1.05–3.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | ||||
| HUU | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 0.62 | 1.6 (1–2.4) | 0.03 | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.02 | ||
| Age at first CBCL assessment | 0.003 | 0.1 | 0.51 | 0.06 | ||||
| 6–8 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| 9–11 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 1.2 (0.7–2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | ||||
| 12–14 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 2.0 (0.84–4.8) | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | 2.5 (1.01–6.3) | ||||
| Years follow-up | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 0.23 | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 0.23 | ||||
| N assessments | 0.08 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.47 | ||||
| Two | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| Three | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | ||||
| Caregiver respondent to CBCL | 0.31 | 0.24 | ||||||
| Parent | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Grandparent | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | ||||||
| Others | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.7 (0.3–1.2) | ||||||
| Consistent respondent | 1.8 (1–3.3) | 0.05 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.97 | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 0.08 | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.32 |
| Household income | 0.03 | 0.97 | 0.3 | 0.04 | ||||
| ≤Average income | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| >Average income | 0.6 (0.4–0.95) | 1.0 (0.3–3.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 1.8 (1.04–3.3) | ||||
| Highest educational attainment of primary caregiver | 0.38 | 0.38 | ||||||
| None/elementary | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| High school diploma | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | ||||||
| College/university | 1.6 (0.3–8.3) | 1.0 (0.2–5.2) | ||||||
| Thai (vs. Cambodian) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.08–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.6 (0.4–0.96) | 0.03 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.05 |
| PSI<70 vs. ≥70 | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | 0.2 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.56 | ||||
| POI<70 vs. ≥70 | 1.7 (0.8–3.7) | 0.17 | 1.03 (0.5–2.2) | 0.94 | ||||
| HIV-specific covariates | ||||||||
| Deferred vs. early treatment arm | 0.98 (0.6–1.6) | 0.94 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.79 | ||||
| Nadir CD4+ cell count ≥350 vs. <350 cells/μl | 1.08 (0.6–1.8) | 0.75 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.32 | ||||
| CD4+ cell count ≥500 cell/μl vs. <500 cells/μl at first test | 1.9 (1.04–3.3) | 0.04 | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.36 | ||||
| Peak VL < 5 vs. ≥5 log10 copies/ml during follow-up | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.51 | 1.4 (0.8–2.8) | 0.22 | ||||
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CD4+ cell count, CD4+-positive T-lymphocyte count; CD4+%, CD4+-positive T-lymphocyte percentage; CI, confidence interval; HEU, HIV-exposed but uninfected; HUU, HIV unexposed, uninfected; PHIV, perinatally acquired HIV; OR, odds ratio; POI, Wechsler Perceptual Organization Index; PSI, Wechsler Processing Speed Index; VL, viral load.