Table 4.
Summary of Findings of Anxiety Symptoms by Timing of Assessment
| Author (Year), Record Number | Timing | Instrument | Cutoff | Prevalence (%) | Associations with Other Symptoms (correlation coefficient) | Associations with Functional and Mental Health Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harvey-Kelly, et al. (2014) | Pre-injury | EQ-5D | 3L | 6.25 | NR | NR |
| de Moraes, et al. (2010) | Inpatient | HADS | ≥9 | 44 | NR | NR |
| McCrabb, et al. (2019) | Inpatient | GAD-2 | ≥3 | 12.4 | Depression (NR) | NR |
| Snekkevik, et al. (2003) | Inpatient | HADS | ≥11 | 11.5 | NR | Not associated with life satisfaction 1 year after OI |
| Vincent, et al. (2018) | Inpatient 2 weeks 6 weeks 12 weeks |
STAI-S | ≥40 | 55.7 55.9 31.2 35.3 |
Depression (NR) | Not associated with physical function |
| Brouwers, et al. (2018) | 6 months | EQ-5D | 3L | 35.4 | NR | NR |
| Eldin, et al. (2012) | 6 months | EQ-5D | 3L | 38.9 | NR | Negatively associated with health-related quality of life |
| Dickson, et al. (2015) | 1 year | EQ-5D | 3L | 13.6 | NR | NR |
| Harvey-Kelly , et al. (2014) | 1 year | EQ-5D | 3L | 40 | NR | NR |
| Giummarra, et al. (2017) | 1 year | HADS | ≥11 | 14.4 | Depression (r = 0.7, p < 0.00001) PTSD (r = 0.78, p < 0.00001)) |
Increased odds of not returning to work after OI (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.46-9.23) |
| Ponsford, et al. (2008) | 1 year | HADS | NR | 35.5 | NR | NR |
| Snekkevik, et al. (2003) | 1 year | HADS | ≥11 | 19.2 | NR | NR |
| Gerbershagen , et al. (2010) | 19 months. | HADS | ≥11 | 21.7 | Chronic Pain (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) | NR |
| Ponsford, et al. (2008) | 2 years | HADS | NR | 39 | NR | Anxiety symptoms immediately after OI positively associated with physical function 2 years after OI Anxiety symptoms 2 years after OI negatively associated with overall mental health 2 years after OI Anxiety symptoms either immediately after OI or 2 years after OI unassociated with return to work |
| Dahm and Ponsford (2015) | 10 years | HADS | NR | 20 | NR | NR |
Note. EQ-5d = 5-item European Quality of Life instrument; GAD-2 = 2-item questionnaire for Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HADS = the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; 3L = 3 level assessment; (NR) = not reported.