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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Trauma Nurs. 2021 Jan-Mar;28(1):46–55. doi: 10.1097/JTN.0000000000000557

Table 4.

Summary of Findings of Anxiety Symptoms by Timing of Assessment

Author (Year), Record Number Timing Instrument Cutoff Prevalence (%) Associations with Other Symptoms (correlation coefficient) Associations with Functional and Mental Health Outcomes
Harvey-Kelly, et al. (2014) Pre-injury EQ-5D 3L 6.25 NR NR
de Moraes, et al. (2010) Inpatient HADS ≥9 44 NR NR
McCrabb, et al. (2019) Inpatient GAD-2 ≥3 12.4 Depression (NR) NR
Snekkevik, et al. (2003) Inpatient HADS ≥11 11.5 NR Not associated with life satisfaction 1 year after OI
Vincent, et al. (2018) Inpatient
2 weeks
6 weeks
12 weeks
STAI-S ≥40 55.7
55.9
31.2
35.3
Depression (NR) Not associated with physical function
Brouwers, et al. (2018) 6 months EQ-5D 3L 35.4 NR NR
Eldin, et al. (2012) 6 months EQ-5D 3L 38.9 NR Negatively associated with health-related quality of life
Dickson, et al. (2015) 1 year EQ-5D 3L 13.6 NR NR
Harvey-Kelly , et al. (2014) 1 year EQ-5D 3L 40 NR NR
Giummarra, et al. (2017) 1 year HADS ≥11 14.4 Depression (r = 0.7, p < 0.00001)
PTSD (r = 0.78, p < 0.00001))
Increased odds of not returning to work after OI (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.46-9.23)
Ponsford, et al. (2008) 1 year HADS NR 35.5 NR NR
Snekkevik, et al. (2003) 1 year HADS ≥11 19.2 NR NR
Gerbershagen , et al. (2010) 19 months. HADS ≥11 21.7 Chronic Pain (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) NR
Ponsford, et al. (2008) 2 years HADS NR 39 NR Anxiety symptoms immediately after OI positively associated with physical function 2 years after OI

Anxiety symptoms 2 years after OI negatively associated with overall mental health 2 years after OI

Anxiety symptoms either immediately after OI or 2 years after OI unassociated with return to work
Dahm and Ponsford (2015) 10 years HADS NR 20 NR NR

Note. EQ-5d = 5-item European Quality of Life instrument; GAD-2 = 2-item questionnaire for Generalized Anxiety Disorder; HADS = the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; 3L = 3 level assessment; (NR) = not reported.