Table 5. Time management and performance in academic settings.
| Variable | k | N | R | 95% CI | Q(df) | τ2 | τ2(SE) | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academic Achievement (overall) | 76 | 30,605 | 0.262*** | 0.223–0.300 | 916.31 (75) | 0.029 | 0.007 | 91.81 |
| Results-based performance (overall) | 63 | 27,225 | 0.196*** | 0.160–0.232 | 535.28 (62) | 0.018 | 0.005 | 88.41 |
| GPA | 57 | 24,270 | 0.213*** | 0.178–0.247 | 384.48 (56) | 0.014 | 0.004 | 85.43 |
| Standardized Tests | 7 | 6,270 | 0.011 | -0.053–0.094 | 33.35 (6) | 0.007 | 0.006 | 82.01 |
| Test Scores | 3 | 603 | 0.228*** | 0.151–0.303 | 1.21 (2) | 0 | 0.005 | 0 |
| Behavior-based performance (overall) | 28 | 8,186 | 0.430*** | 0.365–0.490 | 310.83 (27) | 0.037 | 0.013 | 91.31 |
| Procrastination (reverse coded) | 14 | 3,558 | 0.490*** | 0.399–0.572 | 136.62 (13) | 0.040 | 0.020 | 90.48 |
| Motivation | 17 | 5,805 | 0.381*** | 0.302–0.454 | 178.85 (16) | 0.031 | 0.013 | 91.05 |
* p < .05
** p < .01
*** p < .001.
k = number of studies related to the variable | N = total sample size related to the variable.
r = effect size of the correlation between time management and the variable | 95% CI = confidence interval of the effect size.
Q = Cochran’s Q, a measure of between-study heterogeneity | τ2 = measure of between-study variance | I2 = alternative measure of between-study heterogeneity.