Table 7. Time management and distress.
| Variable | k | N | r | 95% CI | Q(df) | τ2 | τ2(SE) | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall distress | 58 | 15,387 | -0.222*** | -0.273 | -0.170 | 611.57 (57) | 0.038 | 0.010 | 90.68 |
| Overall stress | 26 | 5,621 | -0.225*** | -0.295 | -0.153 | 184.49 (25) | 0.031 | 0.012 | 86.44 |
| Emotional exhaustion | 3 | 213 | -0.260*** | -0.338 | -0.179 | 1.86 (2) | 0 | 0.006 | 0 |
| Stress | 17 | 3,367 | -0.286*** | -0.390 | -0.176 | 163.84 (16) | 0.05 | 0.024 | 90.23 |
| Work-life conflict | 9 | 2,812 | -0.163** | -0.277 | -0.043 | 82.11 (8) | 0.031 | 0.018 | 90.25 |
| Overall psychological distress | 34 | 10,100 | -0.254*** | -0.315 | -0.190 | 350.58 (33) | 0.034 | 0.012 | 90.85 |
| Anxiety | 16 | 6,648 | -0.181*** | -0.255 | -0.105 | 140.28 (15) | 0.021 | 0.011 | 89.30 |
| Depression | 2 | 625 | -0.226** | -0.375 | -0.065 | - | - | - | - |
| Psychological distress | 10 | 2,196 | -0.358*** | -0.447 | -0.263 | 52.98 (9) | 0.023 | 0.014 | 83.01 |
| Hopelessness | 2 | 565 | -0.218*** | -0.296 | -0.138 | - | - | - | - |
| Boredom | 5 | 1,248 | -0.310** | -0.507 | -0.081 | 69.68 (4) | 0.070 | 0.055 | 94.26 |
| Negative affect | 4 | 2,393 | -0.232 | -0.451 | 0.014 | 70.74 (3) | 0.061 | 0.061 | 95.75 |
| Worry | 3 | 291 | -0.191* | -0.355 | -0.016 | 3.98 (2) | 0.012 | 0.025 | 49.77 |
| Physical distress | 7 | 2,067 | -0.204*** | -0.264 | -0.142 | 11.52 (6) | 0.003 | 0.004 | 47.93 |
* p < .05
** p < .01
*** p < .001.
k = number of studies related to the variable | N = total sample size related to the variable.
r = effect size of the correlation between time management and the variable | 95% CI = confidence interval of the effect size.
Q = Cochran’s Q, a measure of between-study heterogeneity | τ2 = measure of between-study variance | I2 = alternative measure of between-study heterogeneity.