Table 8. Time management and individual differences.
| Variable | k | N | r | 95% CI | Q(df) | τ2 | τ2(SE) | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 21 | 7,579 | 0.032 | -0.013–0.076 | 70.42 (20) | 0.007 | 0.004 | 71.60 |
| Age (excluding children) | 19 | 6,811 | 0.048* | 0.010–0.086 | 40.71 (18) | 0.004 | 0.002 | 55.79 |
| Gender a | 37 | 16,044 | -0.087*** | -0.129 | -0.045 | 232.40 (36) | 0.013 | 0.005 | 84.51 |
| Education | 3 | 808 | 0.019 | -0.050–0.088 | 0.304 (2) | 0 | 0.005 | 0 |
| Number of children | 3 | 961 | 0.027 | -0.037–0.090 | 0.247 (2) | 0 | 0.004 | 0 |
| Marital status b | 3 | 980 | 0.015 | -0.048–0.078 | 0.548 (2) | 0 | 0.003 | 0 |
| Personality | ||||||||
| Agreeableness | 10 | 4,562 | 0.169*** | 0.091–0.244 | 57.85 (9) | 0.013 | 0.008 | 84.43 |
| Extraversion | 13 | 5,345 | 0.102** | 0.039–0.164 | 59.05 (12) | 0.010 | 0.006 | 79.67 |
| Conscientiousness | 15 | 5,159 | 0.451*** | 0.326–0.561 | 367.16 (14) | 0.079 | 0.041 | 96.18 |
| Neuroticism | 14 | 5,222 | -0.151*** | -0.229 | -0.072 | 94.61 (13) | 0.018 | 0.010 | 86.26 |
| Openness | 11 | 4,793 | 0.141** | 0.037–0.243 | 124.17 (10) | 0.028 | 0.016 | 91.94 |
| Personal attributes and attitudes | ||||||||
| Internal locus of control | 3 | 579 | 0.346*** | 0.269–0.419 | 2.16 (2) | 0 | 0.006 | 7.39 |
| Type A | 7 | 2,388 | 0.110* | 0.017–0.202 | 31.05 (6) | 0.013 | 0.09 | 80.67 |
| Self-esteem | 3 | 947 | 0.346*** | 0.225–0.456 | 8.19 (2) | 0.010 | 0.014 | 75.58 |
| Protestant Work Ethic | 3 | 998 | 0.026 | -0.036–0.088 | 0.240 (2) | 0 | 0.003 | 0 |
| Multitasking | 5 | 932 | -0.088* | -0.164 | -0.010 | 5.53 (4) | 0.002 | 0.006 | 27.66 |
| Cognitive ability | 3 | 1,484 | 0.015 | -0.064–0.094 | 4.36 (2) | 0.003 | 0.005 | 54.11 |
| Hours spent studying | 6 | 3,184 | 0.137** | 0.036–0.235 | 30.08 (5) | 0.012 | 0.011 | 83.37 |
| Hours spent working | 8 | 3,682 | -0.042 | -0.159–0.076 | 64.87 (7) | 0.023 | 0.019 | 89.21 |
| Contextual factors | ||||||||
| Job autonomy | 4 | 751 | 0.101 | -0.060–0.256 | 8.38 (3) | 0.016 | 0.022 | 64.23 |
| Role overload | 7 | 1,187 | -0.146* | -0.284 | - 0.003 | 26.59 (6) | 0.025 | 0.023 | 77.43 |
| Time management training | 3 | 846 | 0.173* | 0.031–0.309 | 5.92 (2) | 0.010 | 0.016 | 66.62 |
* p < .05
** p < .01
*** p < .001.
a Female = 1; Male = 2.
b Single = 1; Married = 2.
k = number of studies related to the variable | N = total sample size related to the variable.
r = effect size of the correlation between time management and the variable | 95% CI = confidence interval of the effect size.
Q = Cochran’s Q, a measure of between-study heterogeneity | τ2 = measure of between-study variance | I2 = alternative measure of between-study heterogeneity.