Fig. 6.

The levels of chromatin organization in the nucleus: (A) Chromosomes within the nucleus occupy particular territories (red, green, and blue backgrounds). (B) Each chromosome forms TADs, which are involved in a particular nucleus compartment depending on the active/ inactive chromatin state. (C) TADs facilitate the convergence of the regulatory elements within them and ensure synchronous gene expression. Architectural proteins can dynamically restrict the formation of TADs. (D) Insulators within a TAD may form local chromatin loops facilitating specific enhancer–promoter interactions. Designations: TFs – transcription factors; other designations are the same as those in Fig. 2