Table 3.
Joint associations of metabolic/obesity phenotypes and vitamin D status with COVID-19 outcomes.
| Characteristics | Vitamin D deficiency (< 25 nmol/L) | Vitamin D insufficiency (< 50 nmol/L) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
| OR (95% CI)† | P | OR (95% CI)† | P | OR (95% CI)† | P | OR (95% CI)† | P | |
| COVID-19 hospitalization | ||||||||
| MHNW | 1 (Ref.) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.57) | 0.071 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) | 0.007 | ||
| MHOW | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) | 0.024 | 1.27 (1.03, 1.58) | 0.027 | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 0.021 | 1.30 (1.12, 1.50) | <0.001 |
| MHO | 1.22 (1.06, 1.40) | 0.006 | 1.77 (1.42, 2.22) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.99, 1.52) | 0.058 | 1.53 (1.30, 1.81) | <0.001 |
| MUHNW | 1.21 (1.02, 1.42) | 0.024 | 1.52 (1.06, 2.18) | 0.024 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.51) | 0.079 | 1.49 (1.20, 1.84) | <0.001 |
| MUHOW | 1.36 (1.21, 1.54) | <0.001 | 1.97 (1.59, 2.46) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.13, 1.58) | 0.001 | 1.76 (1.50, 2.05) | <0.001 |
| MUHO | 1.91 (1.69, 2.15) | <0.001 | 2.46 (2.05, 2.94) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.58, 2.24) | <0.001 | 2.33 (2.02, 2.70) | <0.001 |
| Confirmed COVID-19 | ||||||||
| MHNW | 1 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.60, 1.44) | 0.734 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | 0.474 | ||
| MHOW | 1.31 (1.08, 1.59) | 0.007 | 1.09 (0.75, 1.59) | 0.657 | 1.34 (1.02, 1.75) | 0.034 | 1.38 (1.07, 1.79) | 0.015 |
| MHO | 1.42 (1.12, 1.80) | 0.004 | 1.34 (0.89, 2.01) | 0.167 | 1.02 (0.68, 1.52) | 0.937 | 1.73 (1.31, 2.29) | <0.001 |
| MUHNW | 1.31 (0.97, 1.77) | 0.078 | 2.21 (1.29, 3.78) | 0.004 | 1.33 (0.89, 1.98) | 0.168 | 1.71 (1.18, 2.48) | 0.005 |
| MUHOW | 1.41 (1.12, 1.77) | 0.003 | 1.72 (1.15, 2.57) | 0.009 | 1.34 (0.98, 1.84) | 0.065 | 1.70 (1.28, 2.26) | <0.001 |
| MUHO | 1.68 (1.34, 2.11) | <0.001 | 2.34 (1.69, 3.23) | <0.001 | 1.63 (1.16, 2.28) | 0.004 | 2.06 (1.58, 2.70) | <0.001 |
| Severe COVID-19 | ||||||||
| MHNW | 1 (Ref.) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.81) | 0.866 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.996 | ||
| MHOW | 1.32 (1.03, 1.70) | 0.031 | 1.35 (0.86, 2.12) | 0.196 | 1.27 (0.90, 1.79) | 0.173 | 1.36 (0.98, 1.88) | 0.067 |
| MHO | 1.42 (1.04, 1.93) | 0.027 | 1.90 (1.19, 3.03) | 0.007 | 0.99 (0.60, 1.65) | 0.976 | 1.75 (1.24, 2.49) | 0.002 |
| MUHNW | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) | 0.085 | 2.43 (1.29, 4.59) | 0.006 | 1.37 (0.85, 2.22) | 0.195 | 1.65 (1.04, 2.60) | 0.033 |
| MUHOW | 1.58 (1.19, 2.09) | 0.001 | 1.86 (1.15, 3.02) | 0.012 | 1.35 (0.92, 1.97) | 0.125 | 1.82 (1.29, 2.57) | 0.001 |
| MUHO | 1.82 (1.37, 2.41) | <0.001 | 2.48 (1.66, 3.70) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.12, 2.52) | 0.012 | 2.06 (1.47, 2.87) | <0.001 |
†
Adjusted for sex, age, Townsend deprivation index, qualifications, employment, ethnicity, and smoking status. Abbreviations: COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; CI, confidence interval; MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MHOW, metabolically healthy overweight; MUHNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MUHO, metabolically unhealthy obesity; MUHOW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; OR, odds ratio.