Table 1.

Topical AIN treatments

Study	Design	N	Mean age	Male(%)	HIV-positive (%)	MSM(%)	High-gradeAIN (%)	Compliance(%)	CR (%)	PR (%)	Recurred (%)	ASCC(%)	Follow-up(median inmonths)	Level ofevidence	Bias score
Imiquimod 5%: treated with cream or suppository 3 times a week × 16 weeks
Weilandet al.2006 [9]	Prospectivenon-randomisedopen-label -pilot study	28	43	100	100	100	64 (46)	79	54	17.9	16	0	9	4	Moderate +
Kreuteret al.2008 [10]	Prospective follow-up study	19	-	100	100	100	68	100	74	-	26 at treatedsite (58 atuntreated site)	0	32	4	Serious +
Fox 2010et al. [11]	Double-blind RCT	53	42	100	100	100	100	83	14	29	39	2 (placebo arm)	33	1b	Low*
Richel et al.2013 [12]	Open-label RCT	54	45 (median)	100	100	100	57	91	24 (16 HGAIN)	11	71	0	4.5 (response) 16.5 (recurrence)	1b	Some concerns*
Cranstonet al.2018* [13]	Prospective,non-randomisedopen-label pilotstudy	10	46 (median)	100	100	100	100	90	30		-	0	-	4	Moderate +
N = 164
1% Cidofovir: [23] 2 g of self-applied cream three times a week for 4 weeks; [22] self-applied cream six 2-week treatment cycles (5 days ontreatment 9days off treatment)
Sendagortaet al.2016 [20]	Prospective,non-randomisedpilot study	17	36	100	94	100	100	94	59	18	12	0	5.5	4	Moderate +
Stier et al.2013 [19]	Phase 2a prospectivemulticentre trialopen-label	33	44	73	100	-	100	79	15	36	-	3	1.4	4	Moderate +
N = 50
5-Fluorouracil:16 weeks of treatment, 0.25 to 1 g self-administered, Synder et al 2011 treatment duration 9 weeks only
Grahamet al. 2005 [15]	Prospective,non-randomisedopen-label pilotstudy	7	48	45	9	-	100	100	86	0	0	0	39 (mean)	4	Serious +
Richel et al.2010 [14]	Prospective,non-randomisedopen-label pilotstudy	46	46 (median)	100	100	100	74	93	39	17	50	0		4	Moderate +
Snyder et al.2011* (remove star[16]	Retrospective single-intervention case review at a single center	11	45 (median)	100	100	100	82	100	9	27	-	0	-	4	Moderate +
Richel et al.2013 [12]	Open-label RCT	48	47 (median)	100	100	100	60	96	17 (21 HGAIN)	12.5 (21 HGAIN)	58	0	4.5 (response) 16.5 (recurrence)	1b	Some concerns*
N = 112
80% Trichloroacetic acid - Cranston et al. 2014 - 5 Q-tips worth of TCA applied under direct vision at HRA × 1; Singh et al. 2019 - up to 4 applications of TCA (1–2 month intervals) on direct vision at HRA
Cranston et al.2014 [21]	Retrospectivechart review	72	48	100	100	-	100	100	72	11	15 at index site(22.6 at indexand adjacent32 synchronous)	-	-	4	Serious +
Singh et al.2009 [22]	Retrospectivechart review	54	44 HIV-positive;45 HIV-negative	100	65	-	52		28	14	28	-	12	4	Moderate +
N = 50

+Robins I tool *Cochrane riskof bias tool