Fig. 1.

Cardiac PAI-1 expression is elevated in inflammatory-dilated cardiomyopathy with increasing lymphocytic infiltration. a Quantification of PAI-1 levels in endomyocardial biopsies of patients diagnosed for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi). DCMi patients were clustered into low-grade inflammation (DCMi-low, CD3⁺ lymphocytes = 14–30 cells/mm²) and high-grade inflammation (DCMi-high, CD3⁺ lymphocytes > 30 cells/mm²). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 27–88 patients per group). ***p ≤ 0.001 as indicated. b Representative photomicrographs immunostained with anti PAI-1 antibody. Magnification: ×200. Scale bar: 100 µm