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. 2021 Jan 11;11:465. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80684-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The hazard ratios of loneliness, social disengagement and group-level segregation from Cox PH regression models and Cox MSM models (n = 679). Model 1. Cox PH unadjusted model; no control variables included; Model 2. Cox PH w/o TV: education, sex, loneliness (baseline), social disengagement (baseline), segregation (baseline), living with spouse (baseline), yearly income (baseline), smoking (baseline), drinking (baseline), depression (baseline), physical health (baseline), cognitive health (baseline), comorbidity (baseline); Model 3. Cox PH with TV: Model 2 covariates + loneliness, social disengagement, segregation, living with spouse, yearly income, smoking, drinking, depression, physical health, cognitive health, comorbidity – covariates changing over time; Model 4. Cox MSM (ATE): education, sex, loneliness (baseline), social disengagement (baseline), segregation (baseline), living with spouse (baseline), yearly income (baseline), smoking (baseline), drinking (baseline), depression (baseline), physical health (baseline), cognitive health (baseline), comorbidity (baseline); Model 5. Cox MSM (ATT): education, sex, loneliness (baseline), social disengagement (baseline), segregation (baseline), living with spouse (baseline), yearly income (baseline), smoking (baseline), drinking (baseline), depression (baseline), physical health (baseline), cognitive health (baseline), comorbidity (baseline). Exponentiated coefficients; HR-hazard ratios; TV-time-varying covariates; ATE-average treatment effects; ATT-average treatment effects of treated; 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.