Table 1.
Cardiac function.
| Baseline | Ischemia | Reperfusion | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 20 min | p-values | 10 min | 30 min | 120 min | p-values | ||||
| Control vs. intervention | Control-MH vs IPC-MH | Control vs. intervention | Control-MH vs IPC-MH | |||||||
| a. IPC experimental series | ||||||||||
| LVDP | ANOVA: 0.02 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 151 ± 7 | 2 ± 1 | 17 ± 6 | 25 ± 4 | |||||
| IPC | 8 | 145 ± 4 | 0.99 | 5 ± 1 | 31 ± 5 | 35 ± 3 | 0.04 | |||
| CON MH-ischemia | 8 | 145 ± 4 | 0.80 | 10 ± 2 | 35 ± 7 | 33 ± 3 | 0.06 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia | 8 | 148 ± 3 | 0.97 | 35 ± 4 | 83 ± 4 | 48 ± 3 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 148 ± 7 | > 0.99 | 5 ± 1 | 27 ± 7 | 45 ± 5 | 0.06 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 154 ± 4 | 0.97 | 15 ± 4 | 72 ± 6 | 65 ± 3 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH-reperfusion | 7 | 159 ± 6 | 0.94 | 1 ± 0 | 11 ± 3 | 34 ± 4 | 0.84 | |||
| IPC MH-reperfusion | 8 | 158 ± 2 | > 0.99 | 6 ± 3 | 52 ± 7 | 51 ± 5 | 0.02 | |||
| CON MH-total | 7 | 157 ± 4 | 0.98 | 6 ± 2 | 50 ± 9 | 49 ± 5 | 0.04 | |||
| IPC MH-total | 8 | 165 ± 5 | 0.94 | 27 ± 7 | 92 ± 4 | 71 ± 2 | < 0.01 | |||
| Heart rate (BPM) | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 196 ± 22 | 199 ± 18 | 226 ± 24 | 239 ± 20 | |||||
| IPC | 8 | 264 ± 15 | 0.02 | 238 ± 11 | 227 ± 19 | 244 ± 12 | 0.46 | |||
| CON MH-ischemia | 8 | 235 ± 17 | 0.49 | 178 ± 19 | 227 ± 18 | 224 ± 14 | 0.61 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia | 8 | 210 ± 13 | 0.90 | 229 ± 22 | 219 ± 18 | 217 ± 15 | 0.55 | |||
| CON MH ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 237 ± 17 | 0.45 | 215 ± 16 | 202 ± 14 | 174 ± 11 | 0.21 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 234 ± 10 | > 0.99 | 244 ± 10 | 208 ± 10 | 202 ± 4 | 0.04 | |||
| CON MH-reperfusion | 7 | 196 ± 12 | > 0.99 | 231 ± 27 | 186 ± 25 | 176 ± 19 | 0.33 | |||
| IPC MH-reperfusion | 8 | 192 ± 14 | > 0.99 | 223 ± 29 | 156 ± 19 | 160 ± 13 | 0.41 | |||
| CON MH-total | 7 | 175 ± 15 | 0.98 | 191 ± 15 | 163 ± 15 | 183 ± 10 | 0.06 | |||
| IPC MH-total | 8 | 156 ± 11 | 175 ± 22 | 165 ± 13 | 184 ± 13 | 0.80 | ||||
| Rate pressure product (BPM×mmHg) | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 29,127 ± 2586 | 506 ± 117 | 3738 ± 1307 | 5928 ± 1064 | |||||
| IPC | 8 | 38,004 ± 1594 | 0.05 | 1267 ± 279 | 6946 ± 1305 | 8559 ± 905 | 0.06 | |||
| CON MH-ischemia | 8 | 33,843 ± 2417 | 0.72 | 1611 ± 453 | 7786 ± 1684 | 7304 ± 917 | 0.10 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia | 8 | 31,019 ± 1926 | 0.98 | 7708 ± 881 | 17,977 ± 1605 | 10,137 ± 633 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 35,213 ± 3125 | 0.39 | 972 ± 146 | 5103 ± 1292 | 7980 ± 1162 | 0.26 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 35,976 ± 1578 | > 0.99 | 3620 ± 787 | 14,621 ± 1117 | 13,209 ± 627 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH-reperfusion | 7 | 30,960 ± 1434 | > 0.99 | 295 ± 77 | 1863 ± 534 | 5918 ± 738 | 0.43 | |||
| IPC MH-reperfusion | 8 | 30,345 ± 2242 | > 0.99 | 1403 ± 810 | 5730 ± 1147 | 7954 ± 856 | 0.03 | |||
| CON MH-total | 7 | 27,483 ± 2131 | > 0.99 | 1214 ± 397 | 5318 ± 1636 | 8848 ± 991 | 0.19 | |||
| IPC MH-total | 8 | 25,587 ± 1643 | > 0.99 | 3673 ± 534 | 15,301 ± 1428 | 12,969 ± 951 | < 0.01 | |||
| Coronary flow | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ANOVA: 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 11 ± 0 | 11 ± 1 | 10 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | |||||
| IPC | 8 | 14 ± 1 | 0.23 | 15 ± 1 | 13 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 0.04 | |||
| CON MH-ischemia | 8 | 11 ± 1 | > 0.99 | 10 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 0.11 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia | 8 | 10 ± 1 | > 0.99 | 13 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 12 ± 1 | 0.96 | 13 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 0.18 | |||
| IPC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 12 ± 1 | > 0.99 | 13 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH-reperfusion | 7 | 12 ± 1 | 0.99 | 10 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 0.45 | |||
| IPC MH-reperfusion | 8 | 10 ± 1 | 0.48 | 12 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 | < 0.01 | |||
| CON MH-total | 7 | 10 ± 1 | 0.82 | 10 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 0.16 | |||
| IPC MH-total | 8 | 9 ± 1 | > 0.99 | ± 1 | 10 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | < 0.01 | |||
| b. RIC experimental series | ||||||||||
| LVDP | ANOVA: 0.09 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 145 ± 6 | 4 ± 1 | 18 ± 5 | 15 ± 1 | |||||
| RIC | 8 | 121 ± 20 | 7 ± 2 | 34 ± 2 | 25 ± 2 | 0.02 | ||||
| CON MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 158 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | 62 ± 4 | 52 ± 5 | < 0.01 | ||||
| RIC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 155 ± 3 | 14 ± 4 | 51 ± 5 | 41 ± 4 | 0.2 | ||||
| Heart rate (BPM) | ANOVA: 0.98 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 244 ± 13 | 224 ± 29 | 251 ± 16 | 259 ± 10 | |||||
| RIC | 8 | 246 ± 18 | 235 ± 15 | 263 ± 11 | 259 ± 11 | 0.39 | ||||
| CON MH-Ischemia + Reperfusion | 8 | 252 ± 15 | 179 ± 27 | 176 ± 12 | 180 ± 15 | 0.02 | ||||
| RIC MH-Ischemia + Reperfusion | 8 | 242 ± 24 | 174 ± 24 | 196 ± 17 | 202 ± 12 | 0.75 | ||||
| Rate pressure product (BPM × mmHg) | ANOVA: 0.23 | ANOVA: < 0.01 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 35,231 ± 2282 | 747 ± 217 | 5516 ± 724 | 3825 ± 365 | |||||
| RIC | 8 | 29,450 ± 5257 | 1768 ± 576 | 8923 ± 448 | 6495 ± 611 | 0.01 | ||||
| CON MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 39,871 ± 2693 | 2577 ± 895 | 10,599 ± 896 | 9229 ± 1182 | < 0.01 | ||||
| RIC MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 37,124 ± 3219 | 1930 ± 525 | 9792 ± 877 | 8143 ± 831 | 0.15 | ||||
| Coronary flow | ANOVA: 0.14 | ANOVA: 0.25 | ||||||||
| CON | 7 | 13 ± 1 | 10 ± 1 | 8 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 | |||||
| RIC | 8 | 11 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 | |||||
| CON MH-ischemia + reperfusion | 8 | 14 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | 7 ± 1 | |||||
(a) IPC experimental series, (b) RIC experimental series.
CON control, IPC ischemic preconditioning, RIC remote ischemic preconditioning, MH-Ischemia mild hypothermia during ischemia, MH-Ischemia + Reperfusion mild hypothermia during half of the ischemia and throughout reperfusion, MH-Reperfusion mild hypothermia during reperfusion, MH-Total mild hypothermia through the total protocol.