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. 2021 Jan 11;11:437. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80147-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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rTMS treatment up-regulates spatial working memory in the Y-maze test and recognition index of NORT in AD mouse model. (a) Spontaneous alternation rate over time by Y-maze test. (b) Recognition index over time by NORT. Each group n = 8, mean ± SEM. *Ps < 0.05; Hr-AD and Lr-AD compared to those in Nr-AD, ^#P = 0.06, Hr-AD compared to Lr-AD (Y-maze, F (2, 42) = 14.620, NORT, F (2, 42) = 11.017). rTMS repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, NORT novel object recognition task, AD Alzheimer’s disease model, ICV intracerebroventricular injection, NR− rTMS not treated, Hr− high frequency rTMS treated, Lr− low frequency rTMS treated, PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline.