Table 3.

Factors influencing in vitro regeneration of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L

Explant	Surface disinfection	Basal media	Carbon source	Solidifying agent	PGR (type and conc., mg/l or μM*)	Additives (mg/l)	Culture condition [T; LI (lux or PPFD#); PP; RH]	Response	References
Endosperm	2% Cetrimide → chlorine water 5 min	MS	2% sucrose	0.8% agar	1 2,4-d + 1 Kin	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 1000–2000; NM; 55 ± 5%	Active callus development	Sehgal and Khurana (1985)
					0.2 BAP + 0.1 IAA			Shoot regeneration from callus
		Liquid MS			0.002 NAA			Rooting
Hypocotyl	0.1% HgCl2 5–7 min	MS	NM	NM	2 2,4-D + 0.5 NAA	50 AA + 50 CA + 100 PVP + 500 AC	28 ± 2 °C; 2500–3000; 16 h; 40–50%	Callus formation	Gupta et al. (1994)
					3 BAP + 2 Kin + 0.1 2,4-D			Differentiation of calli into shoot buds
Nodal segment, cotyledons, cotyledonary nodes, hypocotyls	2% Extran → 0.1% HgCl2	MS	NM	0.8% agar	5 BAP + 0.5 NAA	25 AdS + 25 AA + 25 CA + 25 PVP	26 ± 2 °C; 2000; 16 h; 50–60%	Multiple shoot	Verma and Kant (1999)
					2 2,4-D	25 AA		Callus induction
					2 BAP or 2 Kn	25 AdS		Callus differentiation into shoot buds
		½MS	1.5% sucrose		2 IBA			60–80% rooting
Axillary/ nodal shoot	NM	Modified MS	3% sucrose	0.8% agar	0.4 Kn + 1 GA3	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 2000; 16 h; 50–55%	Multiple shoot	Mishra and Pathak (2001)
Shoots	0.1% Bavistin + 60,750 µM Rifampicin + Tween-20 1 h → 0.1% HgCl2 8 min	MS	3% sucrose	0.8% agar	4330* GA3 + 13,900* Kn + 342,110* Glutamine	NM		Multiple shoot	Mishra et al. (2006)
		½MS			49,200* IBA + 10,740* NAA			Rooting
Nodal segment	Tween-20 5–10 min → 0.5–1.0% Bavistin 30 min → AA + CA + PVP 15–30 min → 0.1–1% (streptomycin + chloramphenicol) 30 min → 4–5% hypo solution + 0.1–1% HgCl2	MS	NM	NM	4.44* BAP + 2.46* IBA	NM	25 ± 2 °C; NM; 16 h; NM	Multiple shoot	Goyal and Bhadauria (2008)
Root, shoot nodes	0.1% HgCl2 5 min	MS	NM	NM	2 BAP	NM	26 ± 2 °C; 2000; 16 h; NM	Multiple shoot	Gour and Kant (2009)
		½MS			2 IBA			Rooting
Nodal segment	2% tween 20 10 min → 70% ethanol 1 min → 1% Bavistin Ca(OCl)2 → 0.2% HgCl2 10 min	MS	3% sucrose	0.75% agar	4 BAP + 0.5 NAA	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 1200; 16 h; 70%	Multiple shoot	Patidar et al. (2010)
					2 IBA + 0.5 BA			Rooting
Epicotyl	5% Labolene → 0.1% Bavistin 10 min → 0.1% HgCl2 5 min	MS	3% sucrose	0.8% agar	8.8* BA + 1.425* IAA	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 40; 16 h; 55–60%	Multiple shoot	Nayak et al. (2010)
		½ MS			14.7* IBA			Rooting
Cotyledon, hypocotyl, epicotyl, leaf	30% Chlorax + a drop tween-20 15 min	MS	1.5% sucrose	0.15% phytagel	1 2,4-d + 0.1 Kn	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 1000; 16 h; NM	Somatic embryogenesis	Al-Sabah et al. (2012)
		½ MS			1 IBA			Adventitious roots
Seeds	1% Bavistin for 30 min → 2–3 drops Tween 20 for 10 min → 70% ethanol 5 min→ NaCl 10 min → HgCl2 5 min	MS	NM	NM	1 Pic	NM	NM	Callus induction	Madharia and Dutta (2012)
					1 BAP			Shoot and root initiation
Cotyledon	NM	MS	NM	NM	1 2,4-d	NaCl	25 ± 2 °C; 1400; NM; NM	Callus induction	Priyanka et al. (2014)
Zygotic embryo, Leaf	0.1% HgCl2 15 min	MS	3% sucrose	0.8% agar	0.45* 2,4-d + 22* BAP		25 ± 1 °C; 40#; 16 h; NM	Callus induction	Thilaga et al. (2013)
					0.45* 2,4-d + 11* BAP			33.8% somatic embryogenesis
Cotyledon	NM	MS	3% sucrose	NM	2,4-d	NM	25 ± 2 °C; 1400; NM; NM	Callus induction	Priyanka and Singh (2015)
					NAA			Callus induction, somatic embryogenesis
					IAA, IBA			Somatic embryogenesis
					2,4-d + Kn			Somatic embryogenesis with callus formation

2,4-d, 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; AA, ascorbic acid; AC, activated charcoal; AdS, adenine sulfate; BA, N⁶-benzyladenine; BAP, N⁶-benzylaminopurine; CA, citric acid; GA_3, gibberellic acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; IBA, indole-3-butyric acid; Kn, kinetin; LI, light intensity; MS, Murashige and Skoog; NAA, α-naphthalene acetic acid; NM, not mentioned; PGR, plant growth regulator; Pic, picloram; PP, photoperiod; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; RH, relative humidity; T, temperature