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. 2021 Jan 11;11:278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79488-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reproductive ageing is associated with a local inflammatory microenvironment in the mouse ovary. Gene expression levels of Tnfa (A), Il6 (B), Il1a (C) and Il1b (D) in ovaries from 2, 6, 12 and 18-month-old mice. n = 6 per cohort. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; (A) and (C): Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: a, b and c are significantly different among groups (p < 0.05); (B) and (D): Ordinary One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: a and b are significantly different among groups (p < 0.05). (E) Representative image of a Western blot showing ovarian protein levels of TNF-α (precursor), TNF-α (mature), IL-6 and IL-1β from 2, 6, 12 and 18-month-old mice. Quantification of protein levels of TNF-α (precursor) (F), TNF-α (mature) (G), IL-6 (H) and IL-1β (I) in ovaries from 2, 6, 12 and 18-month-old mice. n = 5 per cohort. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; Mann–Whitney test (*p < 0.05). Each dot represents one animal. mRNA levels of Csf1 (J), Csf2 (K), Ccl5 (L) and Il10 (M) in ovaries from 2, 6, 12 and 18-month-old mice. n = 6 per cohort. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; I: Ordinary One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: a and b are significantly different among groups (p < 0.05); (J),K,L): Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunn’s multiple comparisons test: a, and b are significantly different among groups (p < 0.05).