Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of study patients stratified by the medians levels of self-care behavior and disease knowledge.
| Entire cohort N = 454 |
Low self-care score and low disease knowledge score N = 133 |
High self-care score and low disease knowledge score N = 95 |
Low self-care score and high disease knowledge score N = 99 |
High self-care score and high disease knowledge score N = 127 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (year) | 65.8 ± 12.1 | 66.6 ± 11.8#& | 71.8 ± 9.0*& | 59.3 ± 12.7*# | 65.5 ± 11.7#& | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male, %) | 55.9 | 52.6 | 54.7 | 64.6 | 53.5 | 0.3 |
| Smoking (yes, %) | 22.2 | 26.3 | 25.3 | 27.3 | 11.8*& | 0.01 |
| Alcohol consumption (yes, %) | 10.4 | 11.3 | 9.5 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 0.8 |
| Marital status (yes, %) | 76.7 | 75.2 | 73.7 | 72.7 | 83.5 | 0.2 |
| Currently working (yes, %) | 28.6 | 27.8& | 12.6& | 48.5*# | 26.0& | < 0.001 |
| Independent finances (yes, %) | 60.1 | 48.9& | 55.8 | 68.7* | 68.5* | 0.002 |
| Education (high school or above, %) | 53.5 | 39.8& | 36.8& | 65.7*# | 70.9*# | < 0.001 |
| CKD cause (yes, %) | 0.1 | |||||
| Glomerulonephritis | 44.3 | 35.3 | 43.2 | 44.4 | 54.3 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22.7 | 33.8 | 24.2 | 19.2 | 12.6 | |
| Hypertension | 16.3 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 17.2 | 15.7 | |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 5.5 | |
| Gout/stone | 8.8 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 7.9 | |
| Others | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (yes, %) | 84.1 | 78.9 | 89.5 | 84.8 | 85.0 | 0.2 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes, %) | 37.9 | 42.9 | 48.4 | 37.4 | 25.2*# | 0.002 |
| Heart disease (yes, %) | 19.2 | 20.3 | 25.3 | 19.2 | 13.4 | 0.2 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 4.5 | 0.02 |
| ACEI/ARB usage (%) | 31.9 | 28.6 | 30.5 | 34.3 | 34.6 | 0.7 |
| Health education times | 15.4 ± 10.4 | 13.25 ± 9.9& | 15.6 ± 10.9 | 15.0 ± 10.5 | 17.8 ± 10.1* | 0.005 |
| CKD duration (year) | 9.5 ± 7.6 | 7.4 ± 5.9& | 8.7 ± 7.2 | 10.5 ± 8.4* | 11.3 ± 8.3* | < 0.001 |
| CKD care duration (year) | 5.0 ± 3.7 | 4.1 ± 3.4& | 5.3 ± 4.1 | 5.0 ± 3.6 | 5.6 ± 3.6* | 0.005 |
| Questionnaires | ||||||
| Self-care score | 64.1 ± 9.7 | 55.3 ± 7.0#& | 71.6 ± 3.9*& | 58.0 ± 6.7*# | 72.5 ± 4.0*& | < 0.001 |
| Disease knowledge score | 22.7 ± 5.6 | 18.1 ± 3.0& | 18.5 ± 2.9& | 26.7 ± 3.8*# | 27.7 ± 3.9*# | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) | 27.8 (19.8, 43.9) | 29.6 (22.4, 44.5) | 28.6 (19.4, 39.3) | 23.2 (6.7, 38.8) | 31.0 (19.8, 55.8)# & | 0.004 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 34.6 ± 23.0 | 32.2 ± 22.6& | 35.5 ± 19.0 | 42.1 ± 26.6* | 30.5 ± 21.9& | 0.001 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.5) | 6.1 (5.6, 7.0) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.5) | 5.9 (5.5,6.5) | 5.8 (5.5, 6.2)* | 0.03 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.9 ± 2.0 | 11.8 ± 2.0& | 11.9 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 2.1* | 11.7 ± 2.0& | 0.005 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.3 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 0.7 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 174 ± 37 | 174 ± 39 | 173 ± 36 | 176 ± 44 | 173 ± 33 | 0.9 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 108 (79, 163) | 112 (79, 172) | 107 (79, 150) | 122 (82, 180) | 102 (73, 145) | 0.09 |
| Urine protein/creatinine ratio | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.4 |
Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate.
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Low self-care as less than median of self-care score (67); High self-care as above median of self-care score (67).
Low disease knowledge as less than median of disease knowledge score (22); High disease knowledge as above median of disease knowledge score (22).
The missing data included serum albumin (n = 1), blood urea nitrogen (n = 2), uric acid (n = 4), glycated hemoglobin (n = 12), and urine protein-creatinine ratio (n = 1).
*P < 0.05 compared with low self-care score & low disease knowledge score; #P < 0.05 compared with high self-care score and low disease knowledge score; &P < 0.05 compared with low self-care score and high disease knowledge score.