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. 2021 Jan 11;11:314. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79493-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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State-dependent stimulation restored both continence and efficient bladder emptying in male (n = 9) and female (n = 8) cats. (a) Cystometrograms from single trials with bladder pressure (black) and voided volume (blue) shown. Red lines indicate the duration of sensory pudendal stimulation (10 Hz, 1 T) to inhibit the bladder and promote storage. Brown lines above the voided volume traces indicate the duration of 33 Hz sensory stimulation or motor bursting stimulation to activate the bladder and promote emptying. Average BC and VE for each type of trial for the example experiments are listed next to the traces. (b) Normalized BC for all experiments relative to controls. All relevant trials within an experiment were averaged together resulting in a single data point for each experiment. Average normalized BCs were 130% (males, P = 0.011, n = 9) and 120% (females, P = 0.027, n = 8). (c) Normalized VE for all stimulation conditions relative to controls (males: P = 0.013; females: P = 0.022). Continuous stimulation decreased VE relative to controls (males: 71%, P = 0.028, n = 9; females: 51%, P = 0.013, n = 8). State-dependent stimulation with motor bursting increased not only BC but also VE in males (452%, P = 0.004, n = 8) but not females (235%, P = 0.069, n = 7) relative to continuous stimulation. In females, removal of one explainable outlier (Fig. 4) yielded an increase in VE relative to continuous stimulation (307%, P = 0.007, n = 6) and controls (161%, P = 0.032, n = 6). Paired t tests were used for BC calculations. Mixed-effects analysis with two-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli was used for VE testing.