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. 2021 Jan 11;11:284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78747-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Injury induced fibrosis in non-dystrophic muscles. (a–d) Sirius red collagen staining of (a) DBA/2J injured muscle, showing marked fibrosis in red; (b) C57BL/6 injured muscle, with a moderate increase in collagen staining; (c) DBA/2J and (d) C57BL/6 non-injured control muscles, showing thin connective tissue layers characteristics of normal skeletal muscles. (e) Boxplots show increased total and endomysial collagen fraction in injured muscles, especially in DBA/2J mice. (f) Total and endomysial collagen fractions were highly correlated (R = 0.92). The majority of non-injured samples presented total collagen fraction below 14%, while the injured muscles presented collagen fraction higher than 14% in general. (g–j) Haematoxylin–eosin staining of (g) DBA/2J injured muscle, with moderate inflammation (white arrowhead) and presence of mineralized fibers (black arrowhead); (h) C57BL/6 injured muscle, showing high count of centronucleated fibers but no inflammation; (i) DBA/2J and (j) C57BL/6 non-injured control muscles. (k–m) Increased collagen fraction occurred simultaneously with mild inflammation (k), low count of necrotic mineralized fibers in DBA/2J mice (l) and regeneration, reflected by the presence of centronucleated fibers (m). (a), (c): magnification × 10, scale bar 250 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns non-significant.