Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the presence of rapid renal function decline
| Characteristic | All (n=452) | Non-decliners (n=370) | Rapid decliners (n=82) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 52.6±9.2 | 51.8±9.1 | 55.9±9.3 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 313 (69.2) | 255 (68.9) | 58 (70.7) | 0.850 |
| Diabetes duration, yr | 5.6±5.1 | 5.4±4.9 | 6.4±5.8 | 0.171 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5±3.1 | 25.5±3.2 | 25.6±2.8 | 0.809 |
| WC, cm | 88.3±7.5 | 88.2±7.6 | 88.3±7.1 | 0.902 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 124.5±14.1 | 124.1±13.6 | 126.4±16.2 | 0.253 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.5±10.0 | 77.5±9.9 | 77.6±10.6 | 0.893 |
| Hypertension | 181 (40.0) | 148 (40.3) | 33 (40.2) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia | 128 (28.3) | 107 (29.5) | 21 (25.6) | 0.573 |
| CVD | 17 (3.8) | 16 (6.6) | 1 (1.8) | 0.279 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 11 (2.4) | 10 (4.2) | 2 (3.9) | 0.896 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.9±1.7 | 7.9±1.7 | 7.9±1.5 | 0.828 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 150.0±48.6 | 151.5±49.8 | 143.7±42.3 | 0.189 |
| PP2 glucose, mg/dL | 279.6±99.4 | 281.9±100.2 | 269.2±95.9 | 0.434 |
| HOMA-IR, unit | 2.9 (1.6 to 4.4) | 2.7 (1.6 to 4.4) | 2.9 (2.0 to 4.1) | 0.537 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 184.6±40.2 | 182.0±38.6 | 196.4±44.9 | 0.003 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 168.6±114.5 | 168.1±112.0 | 170.8±125.6 | 0.847 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.1±10.3 | 46.8±10.0 | 48.1±11.8 | 0.349 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 121.7±36.5 | 120.3±35.1 | 127.8±41.6 | 0.135 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.19) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.953 |
| Albuminuria | 0.400 | |||
| Normoalbuminuria | 314 (69.5) | 252 (70.6) | 62 (75.6) | |
| Microalbuminuria | 114 (25.2) | 97 (27.2) | 17 (20.7) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 11 (2.4) | 8 (2.2) | 3 (3.7) | |
| UACR, mg/g | 17.0 (9.7 to 37) | 18.0 (10.0 to 38.0) | 15.2 (8.9 to 29.0) | 0.164 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85.8±14.9 | 84.8±14.9 | 90.2±14.2 | 0.003 |
| eGFR slope, %/yr | –2.0 (–3.5 to –0.6) | –0.9±1.9 | –5.8±2.9 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes medications | ||||
| Metformin | 330 (73.0) | 238 (71.9) | 92 (78.0) | 0.246 |
| Sulfonylurea | 207 (45.8) | 267 (72.8) | 63 (76.8) | 0.537 |
| TZD | 56 (12.4) | 169 (46.0) | 38 (46.3) | 1.000 |
| Insulin | 62 (13.7) | 50 (13.6) | 6 (7.3) | 0.168 |
| Use of statin | 148 (32.7) | 96 (31.0) | 52 (37.7) | 0.198 |
| Use of ACEi/ARB | 176 (38.9) | 50 (13.6) | 12 (14.6) | 0.950 |
| A-FABP, µg/L | 17.72 (11.88 to 25.51) | 17.2 (11.2 to 24.1) | 20.2 (14.1 to 29.9) | 0.005 |
| Men | 15.81 (10.82 to 21.40)a | 15.2 (10.5 to 21.1) | 17.5 (12.2 to 24.4) | 0.037 |
| Women | 23.11 (15.72 to 33.09)a | 22.1 (15.3 to 30.8) | 31.5 (20.7 to 50.7) | 0.007 |
| Total adiponectin, µg/mL | 3.9 (2.8 to 6.0) | 3.9 (2.8 to 6.1) | 3.9 (2.8 to 6.3) | 0.876 |
| HMW adiponectin, µg/mL | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.4) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.4) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.6) | 0.809 |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.179 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.1) | 0.480 |
| PTX3, ng/mL | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.2) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.237 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). P values refer to the unpaired t test or the chi-square test (for categorical variables) between non-decliners and rapid decliners.
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PP2, 2-hour postprandial; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; UACR, urine albumin creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TZD, thiazolidinedione; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II-receptor blocker; A-FABP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein; HMW, high molecular weight adiponectin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PTX3, pentraxin-3.
P<0.001 for A-FABP for men vs. women.