Table 2.

Results of studies that evaluated the effect of TIR on diabetes complications

Study	Populations	Outcome	Results
Beck et al. (2019) [34]	1,440 Patients with T1DM in DCCT	Retinopathy, albuminuria	HRs for retinopathy and microalbuminuria by TIR; 7-point SMBG (each 10% decrease in TIR): 1.64 (1.51–1.78) and 1.40 (1.25–1.56)
Lu et al. (2018) [30]	3,262 Patients with T2DM	Retinopathy	OR for any retinopathy by TIR; CGM (each 10% increase in TIR): 0.92 (0.88–0.96)
Lu et al. (2020) [29]	2,215 Patients with T2DM	CIMT	OR for CIMT by TIR; CGM (each 10% increase in TIR): 0.936 (0.878–0.998)
Yoo et al. (2020) [33]	866 Patients with T2DM	Albuminuria	OR for albuminuria by TIR; CGM (each 10% increase in TIR): 0.94 (0.88–0.99)
Ranjan et al. (2020) [31]	26 Patients with T1DM with SAP	Albuminuria	HR for albuminuria by TIR; CGM (each 10% increase in TIR): 0.81 (0.72–0.90)
Yang et al. (2020) [32]	364 Patients with diabetic polyneuropathy	Painful diabetic polyneuropathy	OR for painful diabetic polyneuropathy by TIR; CGM (quartile): 2.66 (1.16–6.10)

TIR, time in range; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; HR, hazard ratio; SMBG, self-monitoring blood glucose; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; SAP, sensor-augmented insulin pump.