Table 2.
Evidence for associations between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and clinical variables at first presentation
| Outcome | Studies | Total sample size (N) | Random‐effects p value | Random‐effects measure (95% CI) | I2 (p value) | 95% prediction interval | Small study effects/excess significance bias | Largest study significant | Class of evidence | Predicted difference in continuous outcome for every doubling in DUP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative symptoms | 23 |
4,165 |
3.60x10–5 |
beta=–0.07 (–0.10 to –0.04)
|
87.1% (<0.0001) |
–0.21; 0.08 |
No/Yes (fail‐safe N: 559) |
No | III | 5% worse |
| Deliberate self‐harm | 8 | 1,752 |
1.07x10–5 |
OR=1.89 (1.42‐2.52) |
0% (0.15) |
1.42; 2.52 |
No/No (fail‐safe N: 30) |
Yes | III | NA |
| Quality of life | 9 | 1,726 |
0.044 |
beta=–0.14 (–0.29 to –0.004) |
99.2% (<0.0001) |
–0.58; 0.29 |
No/No (fail‐safe N: 1) |
Yes | IV | 11% worse |
| Global cognition | 14 | 1,970 | 0.17 | beta=–0.01 (–0.02 to 0.004) |
1.0% (0.85) |
–0.02; 0.005 | No/No | Yes | NS | NA |
| Violence and serious violence |
4 |
1,008 |
0.23 |
OR=1.66 (0.70‐3.94) |
89% (<0.0001) |
0.26; 10.48 |
No/No | No | NS | NA |
| Alcohol and substance misuse | 7 | 2,281 | 0.29 | OR=0.88 (0.7‐1.1) |
31.9% (0.25) |
0.59; 1.32 | No/No | No | NS | NA |
|
Global psychopathology |
8 |
796 |
0.33 |
beta=–0.02 (–0.05 to 0.02) |
83.5% (<0.0001) |
–0.11; 0.07 | No/Yes | Yes | NS | NA |
|
Positive symptoms |
12 | 1,084 |
0.55 |
beta=0.01 (–0.03 to 0.05) |
88.9% (<0.0001) |
–0.12; 0.15 | No/No | No | NS | NA |
| Overall functional status | 4 | 333 | 0.60 | beta=–0.04 (–0.21 to 0.12) |
0% (0.84) |
–0.21; 0.12 |
No/No | No | NS | NA |
| Cannabis misuse | 7 | 1,508 | 0.90 | OR=0.99 (0.82‐1.19) | 0% (0.58) | 0.82; 1.19 | No/No | No | NS | NA |
OR – odds ratio, NS – not significant, NA – not applicable