Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients according to development of AKI or need of RRT
| Overall (n = 201) | AKI (n = 101) | Non-AKI (n = 100) | p value | RRT (n = 34) | Non-RRT (n = 166) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64.0 (52.0–80.0) | 73.0 (56.0–84.0) | 60.0 (45.0–72.2) | <0.001 | 69.0 (57.2–82.0) | 64.0 (48.2–80.0) | 0.074 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 123 (61.2) | 67 (66.3) | 56 (56.0) | 0.174 | 27 (79.4) | 96 (57.8) | 0.031 |
| BMI, kg/m2,a | 28.2 (24.6–32.1) | 28.7 (25.4–33.2) | 27.1 (24.3–31.1) | 0.114 | 28.7 (26.1–32.4) | 27.9 (24.5–31.9) | 0.189 |
| SAPS3 | 49.0 (42.0–55.0) | 52.0 (45.8–57.0) | 43.0 (42.0–53.0) | <0.001 | 52.0 (49.0–57.0) | 46.0 (42.0–55.0) | 0.008 |
| SOFA | 2.0 (0.0–4.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | <0.001 |
| Source of ICU admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Emergency room | 96 (47.8) | 50 (49.5) | 46 (46.0) | 0.688 | 18 (52.9) | 77 (46.4) | 0.031 |
| Ward | 77 (38.3) | 35 (34.7) | 42 (42.0) | 7 (20.6) | 70 (42.2) | ||
| Step-down unit | 15 (7.5) | 9 (8.9) | 6 (6.0) | 4 (11.8) | 11 (6.6) | ||
| Other hospital | 13 (6.5) | 7 (6.9) | 6 (6.0) | 5 (14.7) | 8 (4.8) | ||
| Coexisting disorders, n (%) | |||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 98 (48.8) | 59 (58.4) | 39 (39.0) | 0.009 | 21 (61.8) | 77 (46.4) | 0.148 |
| Diabetes | 64 (31.8) | 39 (38.6) | 25 (25.0) | 0.055 | 19 (55.9) | 45 (27.1) | 0.002 |
| Heart failure | 17 (8.5) | 13 (12.9) | 4 (4.0) | 0.045 | 9 (26.5) | 8 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Pneumopathy | 19 (9.5) | 9 (8.9) | 10 (10.0) | 0.982 | 2 (5.9) | 17 (10.2) | 0.639 |
| Coronary artery disease | 16 (8.0) | 13 (12.9) | 3 (3.0) | 0.020 | 6 (17.6) | 10 (6.0) | 0.054 |
| Arrythmia | 25 (12.4) | 17 (16.8) | 8 (8.0) | 0.092 | 7 (20.6) | 17 (10.2) | 0.161 |
| Smoking | 6 (3.0) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (4.0) | 0.669 | 2 (5.9) | 4 (2.4) | 0.596 |
| Solid neoplasia | 19 (9.5) | 13 (12.9) | 6 (6.0) | 0.155 | 4 (11.8) | 15 (9.0) | 0.862 |
| Hematological neoplasia | 12 (6.0) | 7 (6.9) | 5 (5.0) | 0.780 | 3 (8.8) | 9 (5.4) | 0.715 |
| At ICU admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Respiratory failure | 139 (69.2) | 75 (74.3) | 64 (64.0) | 0.155 | 32 (94.1) | 107 (64.5) | 0.001 |
| Use of noninvasive ventilation | 122 (60.7) | 65 (64.4) | 57 (57.0) | 0.356 | 23 (67.6) | 99 (59.6) | 0.497 |
| Use of invasive ventilation | 87 (43.3) | 70 (69.3) | 17 (17.0) | <0.001 | 34 (100.0) | 53 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| Hours ICU admission to intubation | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.611 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.398 |
| Use of vasopressor | 82 (40.8) | 66 (65.3) | 16 (16.0) | <0.001 | 33 (97.1) | 49 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Use of ECMO | 2 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.482 | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.028 |
| Deep sedation | 69 (34.3) | 57 (56.4) | 12 (12.0) | <0.001 | 32 (94.1) | 37 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||||
| ACEi and/or ARB | 60 (29.9) | 34 (33.7) | 26 (26.0) | 0.302 | 11 (32.4) | 49 (29.5) | 0.902 |
| Antibiotics | 193 (96.0) | 100 (99.0) | 93 (93.0) | 0.069 | 34 (100.0) | 159 (95.8) | 0.480 |
| Steroids | 104 (53.3) | 64 (67.4) | 40 (40.0) | <0.001 | 19 (67.9) | 84 (50.6) | 0.137 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 25 (12.4) | 18 (17.8) | 7 (7.0) | 0.035 | 9 (26.5) | 16 (9.6) | 0.016 |
| Hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin | 168 (84.0) | 84 (84.0) | 84 (84.0) | 0.999 | 30 (88.2) | 137 (83.0) | 0.620 |
| Tocilizumab | 9 (4.5) | 7 (6.9) | 2 (2.0) | 0.177 | 3 (8.8) | 6 (3.6) | 0.378 |
| Convalescent plasma | 32 (15.9) | 19 (18.8) | 13 (13.0) | 0.351 | 4 (11.8) | 27 (16.3) | 0.689 |
| Signs and symptoms, n (%) | |||||||
| Days symptoms to diagnosis | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.001 | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 4.0 (2.0–7.0) | 0.076 |
| Days symptoms to hospital admission | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 6.0 (3.0–7.0) | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | 0.002 | 6.0 (4.5–7.0) | 6.0 (3.0–9.0) | 0.658 |
| Days symptoms to ICU admission | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) | 0.303 | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.155 |
| Rhinorrhea | 51 (25.4) | 14 (13.9) | 37 (37.0) | <0.001 | 5 (14.7) | 46 (27.7) | 0.171 |
| Odynophagia | 23 (11.4) | 6 (5.9) | 17 (17.0) | 0.025 | 2 (5.9) | 21 (12.7) | 0.405 |
| Anosmia | 10 (5.0) | 2 (2.0) | 8 (8.0) | 0.101 | 0 (0.0) | 10 (6.0) | 0.300 |
| Cough | 175 (87.1) | 85 (84.2) | 90 (90.0) | 0.306 | 28 (82.4) | 147 (88.6) | 0.477 |
| Shortness of breath | 173 (86.1) | 83 (82.2) | 90 (90.0) | 0.162 | 28 (82.4) | 144 (86.7) | 0.688 |
| Fever | 174 (86.6) | 86 (85.1) | 88 (88.0) | 0.700 | 29 (85.3) | 144 (86.7) | 0.999 |
| Diarrhea | 40 (19.9) | 20 (19.8) | 20 (20.0) | 0.999 | 5 (14.7) | 35 (21.1) | 0.541 |
| Organ support | |||||||
| Maximum dose of norepinephrine, µg/kg/min | 0.10 (0.06–0.20) | 0.12 (0.07–0.23) | 0.06 (0.04–0.10) | 0.011 | 0.15 (0.10–0.25) | 0.10 (0.05–0.15) | 0.002 |
| Use of epinephrine, n (%) | 10 (5.0) | 9 (8.9) | 1 (1.0) | 0.024 | 7 (20.6) | 3 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Use of dobutamine, n (%) | 13 (6.4) | 11 (10.9) | 2 (2.0) | 0.023 | 6 (17.6) | 7 (4.2) | 0.012 |
| Use of recruitment maneuver, n (%) | 34 (16.9) | 30 (29.7) | 4 (4.0) | <0.001 | 18 (52.9) | 16 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Use of prone positioning, n (%) | 10 (5.0) | 9 (8.9) | 1 (1.0) | 0.024 | 6 (17.6) | 4 (2.4) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as median (quartile 25%–quartile 75%) or n (%). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; AKI, acute kidney injury; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU, intensive care unit; RRT, renal replacement therapy; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
aBMI is in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.