Table 2.
Summary results of subgroup analysis
| Subgroup | No of studies (TB patients) | Summary OR | 95% CI | I2 (%) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHO Region | |||||
| South-East Asia | 6 (1947) | 1.86 | 1.30–2.67 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
| Europe | 11 (154031) | 1.79 | 1.42–2.27 | 52.90 | 0.01 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 1 (634) | 0.44 | 0.15–1.31 | – | – |
| Africa | 25 (14723) | 1.41 | 1.06–1.89 | 76.65 | 0.53 |
| America | 6 (256640) | 1.17 | 0.75–1.84 | 74.15 | 0.98 |
| Western Pacific | 4 (2559) | 1.11 | 0.32–3.89 | 82.89 | 0.97 |
| TB Burden countries | |||||
| Low | 18 | 1.0 | 0.72–1.39 | 63.91 | 0.71 |
| High | 30 | 1.75 | 1.39–2.19 | 76.68 | 0.09 |
| Countries by income level | |||||
| High | 7 | 1.55 | 1.06–2.27 | 50.85 | 0.09 |
| Upper-middle | 14 | 1.26 | 0.86–1.86 | 87.0 | 0.85 |
| Low-middle | 11 | 1.66 | 1.23–2.26 | 43.91 | 0.31 |
| Low | 19 | 1.40 | 0.99–1.98 | 78.44 | 0.97 |
| Study design | |||||
| Cross-sectionala | 30 | 1.53 | 1.20–1.96 | 71.6 | 0.27 |
| Case-control | 20 | 1.22 | 0.87–1.71 | 75.77 | 0.26 |
| Cohort | 4 | 1.33 | 1.09–1.62 | 0.00 | 0.20 |
| Outcome MDR-TB type | |||||
| Primary | 4 | 2.76 | 1.70–4.46 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
| Both | 42 | 1.42 | 1.16–1.74 | 80.63 | 0.50 |
| Secondary | 8 | 1.08 | 0.64–1.82 | 76.26 | 0.18 |
| Mean/Median Age (MDR-TB) | |||||
| > 40 | 15 | 1.56 | 1.17–2.06 | 71.66 | 0.57 |
| <=40 | 32 | 1.45 | 1.11–1.91 | 78.85 | 0.09 |
| Diagnosis of MDR-TB by | |||||
| Culture | 37 | 1.52 | 1.20–1.93 | 80.56 | 0.40 |
| Mixed | 14 | 1.30 | 0.93–1.81 | 76.97 | 0.48 |
| Molecular technique | 1 | 1.27 | 0.6–2.17 | – | – |
| Overall | 54 | 1.42 | 1.17–1.71 | 75.8 | 0.36 |
MDR-TB Multidrug resistant tuberculosis, HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus, CI Confidence Interval
a two surveillance were included into cross-sectional studies
* p value for Egger’s test for publication bias